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See also:WHEAT (Triticum) , the most important and the most generally diffused of cereal See also:grasses. It is an See also:annual plant, with hollow, erect, knotted stems, and See also:pro-
duces, in addition to the See also:direct developments from the See also:seed-See also:ling plant, secondary roots and secondary shoots. (tillers) from the See also:base. Its leaves have each a See also:long sheath encircling the See also:stem, and at the junction of the blade or " See also:flag " with the sheath a small whitish out-growth or " ligula." The in-florescence or See also:ear consists of a central stalk See also:bent zigzag, forming a See also:series of notches (see fig. 1), and bearing a number of flattened spikelets, one of which grows cut of each notch and has its inner or upper See also:face pressed up against it. At the base of each spikelet are two empty See also:boat-shaped glumes or "See also:chaff-scales," one to the right, the other to the See also:left, and then a series of See also:flowers, 2 to 8 in number, closely crowded to- E. gether; the uppermost are abortive or sterile, indeed, in some varieties only one or two of the flowers are fertile. Each See also:flower consists of an See also:outer or See also:lower glume, called the flowering glume, of the same shape as the empty glume and terminating in a long, or it may be in a See also:short, awn or " See also:- BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
- BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)
beard." On the other See also:side of the flower and at a slightly higher level is the " palea," of
thinner texture than the other glumes, with infolded margins and with two ribs or See also:veins. These several glumes are closely applied one to the other so as to conceal and protect the ovary,
n ~ r
A, Spikelet magnified.
B, Glumes, from side.
C, Glumes, from back.
D, Flowering glume or lower palea.
E, Palea.
F, Lodicuies at base of j, the
ovary, surmounted by styles. G and H, Seed from front and back
respectively.
I, Rachis, or central stalk of ear, spikelets removed.
and they only See also:separate for a short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time when flowering takes
See also:place; after fertilization they See also:close again. Within the See also:pale
are two See also:minute, ovate, pointed, See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white membranous scales called
" lodicules." These contain three stamens with See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread-like
filaments and oblong, two-lobed anthers. The stamens are
placed See also:round the base of the ovary, which is rounded or oblong,
much smaller than the glumes, covered with down, and sur-
mounted by two short styles, extending into feathery See also:brush-like
stigmas. The ripe See also:fruit or See also:grain, sometimes called the " See also:berry,"
the matured See also:state of the ovary and its contents, is oblong or
ovoid, with a See also:longitudinal furrow on one side. The ovary adheres
firmly to the seed in the interior, so that on examining a longi-
tudinal See also:section of the grain by the See also:microscope the outer layer
is seen to consist of epidermal cells, of which the uppermost
are prolonged into short hairs to See also:cover the See also:apex of the grain.
Two or three layers of
cells inside the epidermis
constitute the See also:tissue of
the ovary, and overlie
somewhat similar layers
which See also:form the coats of
the seed. Within these
is the albumen or endo-
sperm, constituting the
flowery See also:part of the seed.
The outermost layer of
the endosperm consists
of square cells larger and
more See also:regular in form than
those on each side; these
contain aleuron grains—
small particles of See also:gluten
or nitrogenous See also:matter.
The remaining central
See also:mass of the seed is com-
posed of numerous cells
of irregular form and See also:size
containing many See also:starch
grains as well as gluten
granules. The several
layers of cells above re-
ferred to become more
See also:Polish wheat, with seed. III. Spelt able one from another, -vheat. All much reduced.
forming the substance
known as " See also:bran." At the lower end of the albumen, and placed obliquely, is the minute embryo-plant, which derives its nourishment in the first instance from the albumen; this is destined to form the future plant.
The wheat plant is nowhere found in a See also:wild See also:condition. Some of the See also:species of the genus Aegilops (now generally referred to Origin and Trilicum by See also:Bentham and See also:- HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814–1879)
- HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600)
- HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817— English botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist Sir W.J.Hooker, was born on the 3oth of June 1817, at Halesworth, Suffolk. He was educated at Glasgow University, and almost immediately after taking his M.
- HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785–1865)
- HOOKER, THOMAS (1586–1647)
Hooker and by See also:Haeckel) species. may possibly have been the See also:sources of our cultivated
forms, as they See also:cross freely with wheats. Haeckel considers that there are three species. (1) Triticum monococcum, which undoubtedly grows wild in See also:Greece and See also:Mesopotamia, is cultivated in See also:Spain and elsewhere, and was also cultivated by the aboriginal Swiss See also:lake-dwellers, as well as at Hissarlik, as is shown by the grain' found in those localities. (2) T. salivum is the See also:ordinary cultivated wheat, of which Haeckel recognizes three See also:principal races, spelta, dicoccum and tenax. Spelt wheats (see fig. 2) were cultivated by the aboriginal Swiss, by the See also:ancient Egyptians, and throughout the See also:Roman See also:empire. The variety dicoccum was also cultivated in prehistoric times, and is still grown in See also:Southern See also:Europe as a summer wheat and one suitable for starch-making. The variety tenax includes four sub-races, vulgare (See also:common wheat), compactum, turgidum and durum (see below). (3) The third species, T. polonicum, or Polish wheat, is a very distinct-looking form, with long leafy glumes; its origin is not known. As these varieties intercross with each
' See drawings made to See also:scale by Mr Worthington See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith in the Gardener's See also:Chronicle (25th See also:December 1886).
End of Article: WHEAT (Triticum)
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