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LOWER See also:DECK ^ r~ yj ntlari~ • See also:TAm See also:Taal, ~.a~~ Q • i7Nll • l eft: ~llla~ J .wa See also:Saloon °, ' 000000000 maims , ^. gam, lo a oolOaC a~ to, C4 o . f' ~ ° r See also:IIL, r '~~ ----- `~',",illilll ^447 ,auls a Wm See also:hat i _ See also:ili A • 1L=:-91.==i1== ~i~~~^fJ~e~3 of the most important Danish See also:train-carrying vessels are given in Table XIII. The longest See also:ferry, from Gjedser to Warnemunde, traverses a distance of 48 m. across the lower See also:part of the Baltic See also:Sea, and on this ferry the " Prinsesse Alexandrine " and " Prins See also:Christian " are Wigham See also:Richardson & Co. Her dimensions are: length 370 ft. over all, 350 ft. between perpendiculars, breadth extreme 53 ft. 6 in., 3050 tons See also:gross, displacement 4270 tons dead-See also:weight capacity, 600 tons at a See also:draught of 16 ft. 6 in., 5400 I.H.P. and See also:speed i6; knots. Two See also:rail tracks are provided, the trains are shipped at the stern and are Lengths. Breadth. Dis- See also:Tonnage. See also:place- Speed. Revolu- On Over Name of Ferry. Type. See also:Depth. Draught. ment. Knots. tuns per Over L. W. L. Moulded. See also:Guards. Tons. Gross. See also:Net. See also:minute. Christian IX. Twin See also:screw, See also:double track 293' 9" 29o' 0" 48' 6" 58' 0" 18' 7" 12' 6" 2600 1504 598 13.0 . . Prinsesse See also:Paddle See also:wheel, double 333' 6" 333' 6" 36' 0" 61' 6" 18' 9" 12' 6" 2425 1733.4 676.6 13.8 36 Alexandrine track Prins Christian Twin screw, double track 284' 9" 281' o" 41' 6" 57' 9" 22' 6" 14' 5" 2065 1824.0 686•o 13.75 124 Korsoer . . Paddle wheel, double 252' 6" 250' 0" 34' 0" 58' o" 16'0" 9' 6" 1267 971'0 436.0 12.25 33 track Kjoebenhavn Paddle wheel, double 278' 0" 272' 0" 34' 0" 58' 0" 16' 9" 10' 0" 1455 1091.0 425.0 12.5 36 track See also:Helsingborg . Single forward and aft 18o' o" 177' o" 32' 0" 43' 0" 14' 6" 10' 3" 72o 530.0 187.0 10.0 138 screw, single track See also:Marie . Two screws aft, one 204' 6" 199' 31' 6" 43'0" 13'0" 9'0" 950 500.0 250.0 10.0 125 screw forward, single 3" track . . . . . 150 Valdemar . Single screw, single 144' 0" 140' 0" 31' 6" 43' 0" 13' 0" 9' 0" 550 361.0 129.0 10.0 134 track, See also:ice-breaker See also:Lille -Baelt . Paddle wheel, single 140' 6" 139' 0" 26' 0" 44' 6" I1' 6" 8' o" 399 3o6.0 125.0 8•o 34 track See also:Ingeborg . . Paddle wheel, single 168' 9" 167'0 26' 0" 44'0 12'0" 7' 0" 440 343'0 136.0 10.25 37 track employed. Two other vessels belonging to the Prussian govern- completely protected from the See also:weather when on See also:board, the See also:bow ment also See also:work on this ferry, and the See also:great success of the service of the See also:ship being completed as usual for a sea-going See also:vessel; ten led to the See also:Swedish and See also:German governments undertaking a See also:direct full-sized passenger or sleeping carriages can be taken, or eighteen goods wagons. See also:Ballast tanks are provided, and powerful centrifugal pumps fitted, so that the See also:trim of the vessel can be adjusted as necessary while embarking and disembarking the trains; she is built specially strong so that she can be driven through ice during the See also:winter months. In 1883 the " Solana" a large train ferry 406 ft. See also:long, was built by Messrs See also:Harlan & Hollingsworth of See also:Wilmington, See also:Delaware, to run between See also:Bernicia and See also:Porto Casta in connexion with the Central Pacific railway. In 1899 the See also:American See also:railways employed nearly 200 terries, with an aggregate capacity of over 2000 large wagons, and by 1909 the See also:numbers and capacity had increased to about three times those amounts, on See also:Lake See also:Michigan alone nine such ferries being at work. Two other interesting examples of train ferries were built on the See also:Tyne by See also:Sir W. G. See also:Armstrong, See also:Whitworth & Co., Ltd., in 1895 and 1896, the former for service on the See also:river See also:Volga, and the latter for service on Lake See also:Baikal in See also:Siberia. The Volga has a rise and fall of no less than 45 ft. between See also:spring and midsummer, and the ice upon it in winter is usually 2 ft., and sometimes 3 ft., thick; thus the problem presented considerable difficulties, which were increased by the fact that the locks of the Marinsky See also:canal See also:system, through which all vessels See also:bound for the Volga must pass, are of such dimensions that it was impossible for vessels of sufficient See also:size to be got through in one piece. It was decided to use two vessels to do the work, the first to See also:act only as an ice-breaker, and the other to act only as a train-See also:carrier. The ice-breaker was built in two pieces, the parting being at the See also:longitudinal See also:middle-See also:line See also:plane of the vessel. This was satisfactorily carried out by means of a double longitudinal middle-line bulkhead extending the whole length of the vessel. On arrival at the canal she was divided into halves, and was joined up again after passing through the last of the locks. Her dimensions were: length 147 ft., breadth 37 ft. 6 in. and depth 16 ft. 6 in., and she was fitted with See also:compound engines and twin screws. The ferry steamer itself (fig. 38, See also:Plate IX.) was 252 ft. long, of 55 ft. 6 in. See also:beam, and of 14 ft. 6 in. depth. Four lines of rails were laid upon her deck, sufficient space being provided for 24 trucks or carriages, which are shown in position in the figure. The difficulty presented by the great difference in the river level was got over by an arrangement of See also:hydraulic hoists, placed at the bow, by which two trucks could be lifted at once to a height of 25 ft., and by having lines of rails at the landing-stages at two levels. The vessel was fitted with twin screws and compound engines, which gave her a speed of 9 knots. It was found necessary to See also:divide her into four parts for the passage through the canal locks; the divisions were made at the longitudinal middle-line plane and athwartships at her middle. Each See also:quarter, when apart, formed a See also:water-tight See also:hull, and See also:reunion was effected while the parts were afloat. The Lake Baikal Ferry was built for carrying trains across the lake in connexion with the Siberian railway. For more than See also:half the See also:year the lake is frozen over to a considerable thickness, and in this See also:case the vessel must of See also:necessity be herself a powerful ice-breaker as well as a ferry steamer. Her dimensions are: length 290 ft., beam 57 ft., draught under See also:ordinary conditions 18 ft. 6 in., and displacement 4200 tons. The hull is closely subdivided for additional safety in case of perforation. She has three sets of triple-expansion engines, working three See also:independent screw propellers, two placed aft, as in ordinary twin-screw See also:ships, and one placed at the forward extremity for the purpose of disturbing the water under the ice, thus assisting the heavy See also:cast-See also:steel See also:stem and armoured bow to break up the solid See also: She can carry six railway carriages and See also:freight and passengers up to a See also:total of zoo tons. Ice-Bro.kers.—Steamboats for breaking a passage through frozen See also:waters date from an See also:early See also:period; one is spoken of as early as 1851. The " Ermack " (fig. 39, Plate IX.), built in 1898, is one of the largest and most effective vessels of this type. Her dimensions are: length 320 ft., breadth 71 ft., depth to the upper deck 42 ft. 6 in., and displacement 8000 tons; her engines develop 800o I.H.P., giving her a speed of 15 knots. Her See also:general outline is shown in fig. 40, from which it will be seen that her bow slopes upwards from below, so as to enable her to run up on to the ice and bring her weight to See also:bear in breaking it. The " Ermack " made her See also:maiden voyage in the winter of 1898-1899, when she steamed through the Baltic to See also:Kronstadt. crushing the ice with See also:comparative ease. See also:Surveying Vessels.—See also:Special vessels are employed by various governments, and occasionally by institutions or individuals, to survey the oceans and ocean beds, and pursue scientific inquiries of a general nature regarding the sea. The See also:British See also:Admiralty employs the " Egerla," " Fantome " and " Mutine," sloops of about 1000 tons displacement, modified and fitted up for the purpose, as well as two yachts See also:purchased and suitably modified, and two vessels built especially for the purpose. The yachts are the " Waterwitch," 15o ft. long, 64o tons displacement and to knots speed, purchased in 1893; and the composite built vessel " Sealark," 18o ft. long. 1034 tons displacement and 11 knots speed, purchased in 1903; both are employed in Eastern waters. The vessels built for the purpose are the " See also:Triton," 145 ft long, 415 tons displacement, 10 knots speed, built in 1882; and the " See also:Research," 155 ft. long, 545 tons displacement, 102 knots speed, built in 1888; both these vessels are propelled by paddle wheels, and both are of composite build. The " Dart," a steel yacht 130 ft. long, 500 tons displacement, 72 knots speed, purchased by the Admiralty in 1882, was in 1910 employed by the New See also:South See also:Wales See also:government. The See also:Canadian government has provided vessels such as the " See also:Cartier," a twin-screw steel vessel, built in 1909, 164 ft. long, 29 ft. beam, 648 tons gross and 112 knots speed, for survey work on the See also:coast of British See also:Columbia. The See also:Indian government had the steel single-screw vessel " Investigator " built by Messrs Vickers, Sons & See also:Maxim for survey of Indian waters; she is 204 ft long, 33 ft. beam, 15 ft. 3 in. moulded depth, has a displacement of 1170 tons and a speed of 132 knots. The See also:United States government built a surveying vessel, the " Pathfinder," in 1899. She is a steel single-screw vessel rigged as a brigantine, length over all 193 ft., on water-line 165 ft., beam 33 ft. 6 in., depth moulded 19 ft. 8 in., displacement 875 tons at 10 ft. draught, I.H.P. 1170 and speed 132 knots. She has bunkers for 230 tons of See also:coal, and is fitted up with very complete See also:auxiliary machinery arrangements, electric See also:lighting and See also:ventilation, See also:steam See also:heating, and See also:accommodation for a large See also:staff. The outfit for See also:hydrography and research is perhaps the most complete ever provided. The See also:Carnegie Institution of See also:Washington has fitted out the special non-magnetic vessel " Carnegie," 128 ft. long, 35 ft. beam, 12 ft. 7 in. draught, 568 tons displacement. Lightships.—In many places See also:round the coast the safe See also:navigation of ships is assisted by vessels called lightships, moored in positions where lighthouses cannot well be built. Around the southern portion of Great See also:Britain these vessels are maintained by the Trinity See also:Corporation (see LIGHTHOUSE). Fishing Vessels.—It is not many years since a few old paddle tugs were fitted up with fishing appliances. They proved very profit-able, and the experiment led to the See also:building and fitting out of steam vessels specially designed for such employment. Screw steam trawlers (see TRAWL) or other fishing-boats are among the vessels most frequently met with round the British coasts. In 1910 some 3000 such steam vessels of an See also:average net tonnage of 50 tons were on the British See also:register, as well as 23,000 sailing boats of an aggregate net register tonnage exceeding 200,000 tons. Fig. 41 (Plate X.) is the steam See also:herring drifter " Three," and gives a general See also:idea of the type, but there is considerable variety in the methods of fishing, and the fittings of the vessels vary accordingly. See also:Coastguard and See also:Fishery Cruisers.—The lightships give warning of danger, and can also send signals ashore for the benefit of vessels in See also:distress, but cannot themselves render help. The See also:principal organizations for giving assistance to vessels in distress and for saving See also:life around the British coasts are: I. The coastguard service maintained by the Admiralty. 2. The See also:signal services, stations and agents maintained by See also:Lloyd's. 3. The lifeboat services maintained by the Royal See also:National Life- See also:boat Institution. 890 The coastguard cruisers not only See also:watch the coast but proceed to the fishery grounds to act as See also:international marine See also:police. They are controlled by an See also:admiral, with headquarters at 66 See also:Queen See also:Victoria See also:Street, See also:London, who in 1910 had at his services the See also:torpedo gunboats " Halcyon," ' See also:Leda," ' Skipjack " and " Spanker "; the old composite gunboats " Ringdove " and " See also:Thrush "; the vessels " Colleen," " Julia " and " Fanny," purchased and fitted up for the work; and the " See also:Squirrel " and " See also:Argus," two yacht-like vessels specially built for the service. The "Colleen," a wooden vessel built in 1869 and propelled by See also:horizontal See also:trunk engines of 250 I.H.P., is 145 ft. long and 415 tons displacement, and at one time the engines gave her a speed of 81 knots; the "Argus" is a steel vessel built in 1904, 130 ft. long, 38o tons displacement, 23 ft. beam, 8 ft. io in. draught; she has a See also:light fore and aft rig, and See also:vertical triple expansion engines of 500 I.H.P. give here speed of 12 knots. The Fishery Board of See also:Scotland has provided itself with some small cruisers, such as the " Freya,• built in 1904,0f length 138f t., beam 24 ft., moulded depth 12 ft., and gross tonnage 280 tons; and the " Norma," built in 1909, which is 159 ft. long, 25 ft. beam, 14 ft. moulded depth, 457 tons gross tonnage and 950 LH.P. In 1908 the Irish See also:Fisheries Board procured the small cruiser " Helga," built by the See also:Dublin Dockyard Co., 155 f t. long, 24 ft. 6 in. beam, 13 ft. 3 in. moulded depth; she obtained a speed of 142 knots on trial with a total deadweight of 140 tons carried. See also:Salvage and See also:Fire Vessels.—Several private companies maintain special vessels which are available for assistance of vessels in distress, salvage, See also:wreck-raising, &c. Many of these vessels are powerful tugs fitted with derricks and winches for hoisting out See also:cargo and ships' fittings, and provided with powerful steam or electrically driven pumps and special hoses for pumping out flooded compartments of the vessels in distress. Some have been specially built and fitted up for salvage and wreck-raising; others have been built and fitted for salvage and fireboats. A fire and salvage boat at See also:Elswick is 45 ft. long, 11 ft. beam and 3 ft. draught; she is fitted with a Merryweather See also:quick-steaming See also:boiler, and engines arranged to drive the boat at 81 knots, or as an alternative to See also:pump out vessels on either See also:side, or to pump from the river for fire purposes and deliver up to 1500 gallons a minute. Many small vessels of this See also:character are provided for harbours, docks and See also:shipbuilding See also:works. One of the most powerful in See also:England is that built for the See also:Manchester Ship Canal. This boat is 90 ft. long, and is fitted with salvage pumps capable of clearing 5000 gallons a minute, as well as independent fire service pumps capable of delivering 4000 gallons per minute at a pressure of 150 lb per square See also:inch. Fire and salvage boats of much greater capacity have been provided at See also:San Francisco, New See also:York and See also:Chicago. Two fireboats of special See also:design were built in 1908 for Chicago. They are 120 ft. long over all, 28 ft. beam, 15 ft. moulded depth, and 91 ft. draught. Powerful See also:turbine pumps are driven by two See also:Curtis steam turbines on the same shafts, which also carry 275-volt zoo-kilowatt electric See also:motors for operating the propeller motors. The pumps can be worked so as to deliver 4500 gallons per minute at 300 lb per sq. in., 9000 gallons at 150 lb or larger volumes at lower pressures; the maximum speed of the turbines and pumps is 1700 revolutions per minute. Twin screws are fitted and each is driven by a motor arranged to develop 25o H.P. at 200 revolutions per minute. The boats are fitted with electric light, See also:search-light, and steam steering See also:gear. New York has ten powerful fireboats, several of which can throw over 10,000 gallons of water per minute. The " Beta " of the London Fire See also:Brigade is 100 ft. long, 11 knots speed, and can deliver 4000 gallons per minute at a pressure of 140 lb per sq. in., engines and pumps being driven by vertical steam engines.
Lifeboats and Vessels.—The lifeboat services around the British shores are maintained almost entirely by the Royal National Life-boat Institution. In See also: Four steam lifeboats have been tried and found very useful under the conditions in which they are employed, while three petrol-driven lifeboats, 40 to 43 ft. in length, 13 to 16 tons weight, 24 to 40 H.P. and about 7 knots speed, have been supplied as an experimental measure, and on their voyages to their stations proved to be very seaworthy and reliable boats. The institution employs one steam-ship, the steel twin-screw tug " See also:Helen See also:Peel " of 230 tons displacement, which is stationed at See also:Falmouth and used to See also:tow lifeboats to sea and assist them in their work, and also to render aid to vessels in distress which have no See also:chance of getting private tugs. The United States government has, however, taken the See also:lead in this direction, in building and equipping a special vessel, the " Snohomish," for life-saving services on the See also:North Pacific coast. This vessel is officially termed a See also:revenue cruiser, and is 152 ft. long over all, 29 ft. beam, 17 ft. 6 in.
[See also:MERCHANT VESSELS
moulded depth, and displaces 795 tons at a draught of 12 ft. 41 in.;
a single screw driven by triple-expansion engines of 1370 I.H.P.
knots LIFEBOAT.)
gave a speed of 132 on trial. (See
Tugs or Tow-Boats.—On canals and See also:rivers steam See also:barges are often
employed for towing, and small tugs are also built for this purpose, but on See also:swift, large rivers the tugs are often of considerable power. The tug " Little See also: A river tug recently built by Messrs See also:Thornycroft & Co. for service on the swift waters of the Upper Yangtse, and named the " Shutung," is 150 ft. long, 15 ft. beam, with a depth of 6 ft. 6 in., fitted with compound See also:surface-condensing engines of 550 I.H.P., See also:driving twin screws working in tunnels (as the draught of the vessel is very limited) and giving a speed of about II knots. After trial at See also:Southampton the tug was taken to pieces, the sections shipped to See also:China, with sections of a See also:barge of corresponding dimensions, and both were put together and completed at Kiangnan. This was the first steamer to See also:attempt See also:regular passages in these troubled waters, and steamer and See also:consort per-formed their first voyage with success. The American river tow-boat " Sprague " is 318 ft. long over all, 64 ft. 8 in. wide, depth amidships 7 ft., displacement 2200 tons, registered tonnage 1479. She is fitted with a stern wheel 40 ft. in See also:diameter and 40 ft. in width, driven by two tandem compound engines of 12-ft. stroke, the cylinders being 28 in. and 63 in. in diameter; and at 91 revolutions per minute her See also:horse-power is estimated at 1500 H.P. In 1907 she towed on one occasion 56 coal boats, each 18o ft. long and 26 ft. wide, loaded with over 67,000 tons of coal and covering a water See also:area of nearly 7 acres. On the American rivers the superiority of the screw propeller is, however, now realized, and shallow-draught tow-boats with propellers working in tunnels have been adopted. Interesting tugs have been built by Messrs See also:Cox & Co. of Falmouth for work in the North-Eastern Railway Docks on the Tyne. Great power in small length was required, and engines of See also:loot) I.H.P. are installed in vessels 75 ft. long, 26 ft. beam, 12 ft. 6 in. deep, having a mean draught of 10 ft.; twin screws set widely apart being provided to give manoeuvring power. Tugs in See also:common use in See also:harbour and See also:coasting services are often 90 ft. to 120 ft. in length, 20 to 23 ft. beam, lo to 12 ft. depth, 9 to 12 ft. draught, 400 to 600 I.H.P. and I i to 12 knots speed ; tugs fitted with independent acting paddle-wheels are popular for some services on See also:account of their great handiness, but the great See also:majority of new vessels are fitted with single or twin screws. For ocean service larger vessels are built. A steel tug built by the See also:Bath See also:Iron Works for the American coal See also:trade is 165 ft. over all and 1045 tons displacement, with triple-expansion engines of 900 H.P. The " Cornell " is one of the largest American sea-going tugs; when towing she has See also:developed 1390 I.H.P. at 97 revolutions, and when See also:running light 1900 I.H.P. at 135 revolutions and a speed of 1s1 knots. The " Hearty, built to go out under her own steam to work in the Hooghly, is 212 ft. long, 30 ft. beam, 12 ft. 6 in. draught, 1300 tons displacement, vertical compound engines of 2100 I.H.P. drive, twin screws, and the vessel can steam at 142 knots. See also:Recent screw tugs of the " Rover " type, built for the British Admiralty, are 154 ft. long, 27 ft. 41 in. beam, 11 ft. draught, 615 tons displacement, 1400 I.H.P., giving 132 knots with twin screws. The latest paddle tugs of the " Grappler " type are 152 ft. long, 28 ft. beam moulded, 53 ft. 3 in. over guards, II ft. 4 in. draught and 690 tons displacement. Inclined compound engines are fitted with means to work the wheels independently or together as desired. 1250 I.H.P. gives a speed of 12 knots. In these tugs the towing See also:hook is carried well forward to permit the tugs to manoeuvre freely, and See also:good beam is given so that in case of a heavy side pull the tug will not capsize.
Each year from 20 to 30 tugs are built in the United See also:Kingdom, and many of them are fitted with powerful pumps and heavy derricks and winches, so that they are of service in case of fire or salvage. The North-Eastern railway tugs referred to are able to pump 500 gallons a minute, i.e. about 140 tons an See also:hour, while the " See also:Lady Crundall," belonging to See also:Dover, can pump 700 tons an hour.
Yachts.—Vessels built for See also:pleasure purposes andfor racing have for many years been known as Yachts. (See See also:YACHTING.)
In 1825 Mr Assheton See also: Very much larger yachts have been built in recent years, such as the " Lysistrata," 286 ft. long, 40 ft. beam, 13 ft. 9 in. depth of hold, 1943 tons gross tonnage and 2089 tons Thames Y.M., built in 1900; and the " See also:Liberty," 268 ft. long, 35 ft. 6 in. beam, 17 ft. 9 in. depth of hold, 1607 tons gross tonnage and 1571 tons Thames Y.M., built in 1908. These two vessels and many others of similar types are American-owned. The yacht " See also:Emerald," of 750 tons yacht measurement and 1400 H.P., built on the See also:Clyde in 1902, crossed the See also:Atlantic in May 1903, and was the first turbine steamer to be classed in any registry. The " See also:Atalanta " (ex " Lorena "), of 1398 tons Y.M., built in 1903, fitted with turbines of 3800 H.P., was the finest turbine-driven private yacht afloat in 1910. The " See also:Tarantula," built in 1902, of 122 tons Y.M. and fitted with turbines of 2200 H.P., is a high-speed vessel resembling a torpedo-boat destroyer. The " See also:Winchester," built in 1909, is of a similar type; she is 165 ft. long, 15 ft. 6 in. beam, 188 tons Y.M., and has turbines of 2500 H.P., which give her a speed of 262 knots. The royal yachts of See also:European sovereigns are the largest yachts See also:vet built. They include the imperial See also:Russian yacht " See also:Pole See also:Star," of 3270 tons and 5600 I.H.P., built in 1888; the imperial German yacht " See also:Hohenzollern " (fig. 43, Plate XI.), of 3773 tons Y.M. and 950o H.P., built in 1893; the See also:Spanish royal yacht " Giralda," of 1664 tons Y.M., built in 1894; the imperial Russian yacht " Stand-See also:art," of 4334 tons Y.M. and 11,000 H.P., built in 1895; and the British royal yachts, " Victoria and See also:Albert," of 5005 tons Y.M. and 11,000 I.H.P., built in 1899, and the " Alexandra " (fig. 44, Plate XI.), of 2157 tons Y.M. and 4500 H.P., built in 1907. Propulsion by See also:Electricity.—In 1883 Messrs See also:Siemens & Co. fitted up a See also:launch, 40 ft. long and 6 ft. beam, with an electric motor driving a single propeller and operated by a See also:battery of secondary cells, and at a displacement of 5 tons a speed of 7 knots was obtained. A launch 25 ft. long, provided with an electric motor capable of giving a speed of 7 knots, also was supplied to H.M. yacht " Victoria and Albert " in 1903. A number of other electric launches similarly fitted have been built chiefly for river service, the batteries being recharged from See also:shore stations from time to time; but the method has not been extensively adopted, except to submarines. In some cases the submarine's secondary battery has been used for propulsion on the surface as well as when submerged, being recharged from shore or from a See also:parent vessel as required; but in nearly all recent vessels they are used only for propulsion when submerged, the engines fitted for propulsion on the surface being arranged to drive dynamos for recharging the cells. In a number of small vessels and oil-tank steamers electric motors are fitted for driving the propeller and supplied with current from dynamos driven by steam turbines or See also:internal See also:combustion engines. Propulsion by See also:Naphtha Engines.—In 1888 several launches were built on the Thames in which See also:petroleum spirit was used for See also:fuel in place of coal, and also as an expanding See also:agent for driving the propelling machinery in place of steam. A number of these boats were after-wards built in England and See also:America, and known as zephyr or naphtha boats. Further particulars of these boats will be found in a paper read by Mr Yarrow before the Institute of Naval Architects in 1888. Propulsion by Internal Combustion Engines.—Experiments have been made at various times with machinery in which the fuel is burnt or exploded in the See also:engine itself without having recourse to the See also:transfer of See also:energy by means of an expanding and condensing agent such as steam or naphtha, and by these experiments the modern internal combustion engine has been slowly evolved and adapted for marine propulsion. In 168o an engine was patented in which See also:gunpowder was exploded, and the engine was operated by the vacuum produced by the cooling of the gases; in 1794 an engine was patented in which the See also:explosion of See also:turpentine spirit drove the pistons forward, and about 1823 a See also:gas-driven vessel was run on the river Thames. In the later years of the 19th See also:century gas engines were highly developed for use in factories, &c., on shore, and petrol engines for driving motor cars, &c., and since the beginning of the See also:present century similar engines adapted for marine propulsion have been greatly improved and produced in considerable numbers, especially in the United States, some of the vessels being as large as 800 tons gross. Such vessels may be considered in three See also:groups. (1) High-speed racing boats, pleasure boats of various sizes for service on rivers and in harbours, fireboats, See also:patrol boats and launches for river work, yachts' tenders and sea-going yachts of light scantlings, in which highly volatile and readily exploded fuels such as gasolene, petrol and naphtha are used. (2) Vessels of See also:low speed, in which the weight of the engine is not of great importance, such as barges for use on rivers and canals, ferry-boats, small tug-boats, slow-speed cargo vessels and slow-speed oil-tank vessels, which have been fitted with engines using kerosene or See also:paraffin, as well as oil fuels of greater specific gravity, and of higher flash-point and requiring a higher temperature for evaporation; in some cases these low-speed vessels have been fitted with engines using gas produced from See also:anthracite coal, prepared See also:charcoal and heavy oil. (3) Vessels in which auxiliary propelling machinery of low power is fitted; they include a large number of fishing vessels, smaller numbers of coasting schooners, lifeboats and a few large vessels; in these both light and heavy See also:oils and gas have been employed. As examples of class (I) may be mentioned the racing boats " See also:Ursula," built at See also:Cowes in 1908, 49 ft. 6 in. long, 5 tons total weight, fitted with petrol engines of 800 H.P., driving twin screws at about 950 revolutions, and giving a speed of 382 knots; and " See also:Columbine," built on the so-called hydroplane principle in 191o, 26 ft. long, 65 H.P. and over 30 knots speed; the American yacht Kalmia," 83 ft. long, 14 ft. 3 in. beam, 3 ft. 9 in. draught; and the yacht " Swiftsure," 70 ft. long, 11 ft. beam, 38 tons gross, 3 ft. draught, 16o H.P. and 16 knots speed, built at Cowes in 1909 and navigated under her own power to St Petersburg. Examples of class (2) are the double-ended ferry-boat " See also:Miss Vandenburg," employed on the St See also:Lawrence, Too ft. long, 20 ft. 9 in. beam, 9 ft. depth, 5 ft. draught, 15o tons displacement, fitted with two paraffin engines each of 75 H.P.; the yacht " Bronzewing " (fig. 45, Plate X.), built at See also:Sydney in 1908, 110 ft. long, fitted with three paraffin engines each of 105 H.P.; the " Lochinvar," a See also:West of Scotland passenger vessel of 12 knots speed, 145 ft. long, 200 tons gross, fitted with three paraffin engines each of Too H.P.; and the " Manatee " (fig. 46, Plate X.), 93 ft. long, 16 ft. beam, 5 ft. 6 in. draught, fitted with two paraffin motors of 75 H.P., giving her Iol knots speed, built at Cowes in 1909 for service as a See also:mail and passenger boat in Southern Nigeria, which was navigated to Forcados, a distance of 4000 m., under her own power and without escort. Amongst examples of class (3) may be mentioned the three-masted topsail schooner " San See also:Antonio " of See also:Rotterdam, 165 ft. long, 27 ft. 3 in. beam, 9 ft. 2 in. depth and 410 tons gross, fitted with engines of 16o H.P., using crude heavy oil and driving a single screw; the Modwena " of See also:Glasgow, a barque-rigged sailing yacht of 400 tons, fitted with paraffin engines of 200 H.P., giving a speed of 91 knots, the " Carnegie," already referred to under surveying vessels, which is fitted with gas engines of 15o H.P., driving twin screws; and the yacht " Lady See also:Evelyn," of 366 tons Y.M., fitted in 1910 with heavy oil engines of 500 H.P. The power of individual internal combustion engines completed up to 1910 was somewhat limited, and great difficulties had been encountered in the use of heavy oil fuels; but great advances and improvements had been made which were opening up the way for the more extensive See also:adoption of motors of large power using heavy oil fuels. An ocean-going motor-driven cargo vessel of 9000 tons and 12 knots speed, was in 1910 being built in See also:Germany for the See also:Hamburg-American line, and fitted with heavy oil engines of 3000 H.Y. driving twin screws, while engines of io,000 H.P. were also being manufactured. V. See also:WAR VESSELS The adoption of iron and steel as the material for shipbuilding, and the development of the steam engine, have influenced warship construction in the same manner as they have influenced the construction of ships for the See also:mercantile marine; but, in addition, the introduction of See also:armour for the See also:protection of ships, the great advances made in its manufacture, and, above all, the marvellous improvements in See also:explosives and in the design and manufacture of guns and torpedoes, have changed the conditions of naval warfare, and called for corresponding changes in the design of warships. Those who are concerned in such questions may refer with See also:advantage to an interesting comparison between the old " Victory " (fig. 1, Plate XIII.) and a modern battleship instituted by Sir See also:Andrew See also:Noble in his address to the See also:Mechanical See also:Science See also:Section of the British Association in 189o. Sir Andrew Noble's remarks in this connexion are the more weighty, coming as they did from the director of the great See also:arsenal of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., and from one whose scientific research has incalculably advanced our knowledge of See also:artillery and explosives. Sir Andrew follows up this comparison by the following reference to the See also:condition of things just before the See also:Crimean War: " The most improved battleships of the period just anterior to the Crimean War differed from the type I have just described mainly by the addition of steam power, and for the construction of these engines the See also:country was indebted to the great pioneers of marine See also:engineering, such as ,J. See also:Penn & Sons, Maudslay. Sons & Field, Ravenhill, See also:Miller & Co., Rennie Bros., &c., not forgetting Messrs See also:Humphreys & See also:Tennant, whose reputation and achievements now are even more brilliant than in those earlier days. Taking the ' See also:Duke of See also:Wellington,' completed in 1853, as the type of a first-See also:rate just before the Crimean War, her length was 240 ft., her breadth 6o ft., her displacement 5830 tons, her indicated horse-power 1999, and her speed on the measured mile 9.89 knots. Her armament consisted of 131 guns, of which See also:thirty-six 8-in. and .32-pdrs. were mounted on the lower deck, a similar number on the middle deck, thirty-eight 32-pdrs. on the See also:main deck, and twenty See also:short 32-pdrs. and one 68-pdr. See also:pivot See also:gun on the upper deck. Taking the ' See also:Caesar ' and the ' Hogue ' as types of second- and third-rate line-of-See also:battle ships, the former, which had nearly the displacement of the ` Vic- i tory,' had a length of 207 ft., a breadth of 56 ft., and a mean draught of 21. She had 1420 indicated horse-power, and her speed on the measured mile was 10.3 knots. Her armament consisted of twenty-eight 8-in. guns and sixty-two 32-pdrs., carried on her lower, main and upper decks. The ' Hogue' had a length of 184 ft., a breadth of 48 ft. 4 in., a mean draught of 22 ft. 6 in.; she had 797 indicated horse-power and a speed of 8* knots. Her armament consisted of two 68-pdrs. of 95 cwt., four To-in. guns, twenty-six 8-in. guns, and twenty-eight 32-pdrs. of 5o cwt.—sixty guns in all. " Vessels of lower rates (I refer to the screw steam frigates of the period just anterior to the Crimean War) were, both in construction and armament, so closely analogous to the line-of-battle ships that I will not fatigue you by describing them, and will only allude to one other class, that of the paddle-wheel steam See also:frigate, of which I may take the ` Terrible ' as a type. This vessel had a length of 226 ft., a breadth of 43 ft., a displacement of about 3000 tons, and an indicated horse-power of 1950. Her armament consisted of seven 68-pdrs. of 95 cwt., four To-in. guns, ten 8-in. guns and four light 32-pdrs." The warships which existed at the beginning of the latter half of the 19th century were, with the exception of special vessels, divided roughly into three classes—ships of the line, frigates and gun-vessels. For many years the corresponding types of iron and steel vessels were known as battleships, cruisers and gunboats, but recently we have seen the power of the cruiser increased to that of the battleship, and new types have been produced such as the torpedo boat, the torpedo boat destroyer and the See also:scout, the latter developing into the fast cruiser of continually increasing size; while the submarine torpedo boat has become a recognized sea-going vessel, and is becoming comparable in size with the gun-vessel or the small cruiser. It is proposed to refer to these in the See also:order named. (See also See also:NAVY.) Battleships.—The destruction of the See also:Turkish See also:fleet at See also:Sinope (3oth See also:November 18 J3) by the Russian fleet, the latter alone being armed with See also:shell guns, and the combined experience of the British and See also:French fleets before See also:Sevastopol when engaging Fort See also:Constantine, demonstrated conclusively that for ships of the line armour protection had be-come essential. The French government immediately began to build five armour-plated vessels, or batteries, as they were called, for service in the See also:Black Sea; and eight similar vessels were begun shortly afterwards by the British government for the same service.' The British vessels did not arrive in time to take any part in the war; but three of the French batteries did, and were very favourably reported on by Admiral Bruat after an engagement with the Kinburn Forts on the 17th of See also:October 1855. With the exception of these three French batteries, the whole of the fleets employed in the operations were composed of unarmoured wooden ships, and a large number of them were sailing line-of-battle ships. As the result of the engagement with the Kinburn Forts, the French began to armourplate sea-going vessels, and the first step in this direction was taken by the celebrated French naval architect_M. See also:Dupuy de Lome, who razeed the " See also:Napoleon," a wooden two-See also:decker, and fitted her with a complete See also:belt of 5-in. armour on a backing of 26 in. of See also:wood. This work was completed in 18J9, and the ship, renamed " La Gloire," became the first sea-going armour-clad. Two other vessels of the same design, the " Invincible " and " Normandie," were also laid down, and with the " See also:Magenta," " See also:Solferino " and the " Couronne," See letters of the See also:earl of See also:Rosse on this Inst. of Naval Architects for 1908. a few years later, formed the first fleet of French armour-clads. In See also:June 1859 the armour-plated iron frigate " See also:Warrior " was commenced by the British government. Others quickly followed, including the " Black See also:Prince," which was a See also:sister ship to the " Warrior," and four other vessels, the " See also:Achilles," the sister ships " See also:Minotaur " and " See also:Agincourt," and the " See also:Northumberland." The See also:distribution of the armour and other features of these vessels are shown in fig. 47. The " Warrior " and " Black Prince " were 38o ft. long and of 883o tons displacement, had engines of 6000 I.H.P. and a speed of 144 knots; they were designed to carry thirty-six 68-pdr. Too-cwt. guns, but during construction the 7-in. 62-ton gun was introduced into H.M. Service, and the ships when completed for sea carried an armament of 28 of these 7-in. guns. They had a central citadel 213 ft. long, protected with 44-in. iron armour extending from a few feet below the water-line to the height of the upper deck. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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