NIGERIA , a See also:

• BRITISH

Beyond the delta See also:

• FIRM

B.11amaari "'••~ Alangeron,,,~,{ :• IEim'1 See also:

• KUKA, or KUKAWA

Kota"•' VC m~ {;.•- I{or,bo Shillen — yB ~,,a ZUII era'.,.. Kachta ,+m,,K bye n uku u Gwona /- (~ Gui See also:

• AGORA

, M ~'S A o See also:

• ABEOKUTA

The See also:

• SURFACE

The great rise of the Niger within the protectorate takes place in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

The northern part is a land of tornadoes. At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Monkeys are numerous in the forests, and See also:

• SNAKES

Other trees, found chiefly on the plateaus, are the See also:

• BAOBAB

In See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

The Yoraghums, their neighbours, were cannibals. Nearer Yola live the See also:

• BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)

The chief ports are Lagos (q.v.), See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Apart from the sea and river ports and the towns in Yorubaland, the chief centres of population are in the open plains east of the Niger. They are the capitals of various states founded by the Hausa. Of these cities the most important is See also:

• KANO

S.W. of Sokoto; See also:

• BIDA

Cotnntunications.—The rivers are the great highways of communication, but, in consequence of the lowness of the water between October and D See also:

• LAY

This line was, during 1906-1910, extended via Oshogbo, Illorin and Jebba to Zungeru, whence it is continued to She, 40 M. E. of Zungeru and about 450 M. from Lagos, where a junction is effected with the Baro-Kano line. A small See also:

• LIGHT

See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Rubber, ebony and other timber, See also:

• COCOA

The cloth is made of the cotton grown in the country, See also:

• WOVEN

The imports from Great Britain, which come via Forcados, are mostly cotton goods, provisions and hard-See also:

• WARE

Among these people, who occupied a low position even' among the de-generate coast negroes, and who were constantly raided by the more virile tribes of the interior, trading stations were established by the Portuguese, and later on by other Europeans, British traders appearing as early as the 17th century. There was no assertion of political rights by the white men, who were largely at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

On the coast they extended from the Forcados to the Nun mouth of the river. Beyond the confluence European trade had not at that time penetrated to the interior. The interior was held by powerful Mahommedan rulers who had imposed a military domination upon the indigenous races and were not prepared to open their ter itories to European intercourse. To secure British political influence, and to preserve a possible field for future development, the Niger Company had negotiated See also:

• TREATIES

In Illorin the campaign had some lasting effect. In Nupe, on the northern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

thirty steamers. The entire direction of the proceedings of the company was, however, in the hands of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Small military expeditions had constantly to be employed to break up slave-raiding gangs or reduce to order tribes which blocked trade routes or made war on other tribes living peaceably under British protection. The most serious military operations were against the Beni, a peaceful See also:

• MISSION

Neither Jebba nor Lokoja was considered suitable h,r the permanent capital of the protectorate, and survey parties were sent out, with strict orders to avoid conflict with the nominally friendly natives, to find a more suitable site. This was selected on a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

In 1902 Bauchi and Bornu were brought under British rule. In Bauchi the emir was deposed and a new emir was appointed. In Bdrnu the extension of British authority was very willingly accepted as a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

The emir of Sokoto held the position of religious as well as political head of all the lesser states of Northern Nigeria, and in response to friendly overtures on the part of the British administration had declared that between Sokoto and Great Britain there could be nothing but war. Katsena was the centre of local learning, while Kano was at once the commercial and the military centre of power. By the end of 1902 it had become evident that a trial of strength between the Mahommedan powers and the new British administration was inevitable. The Mahommedan rulers were them-selves of comparatively recent date. In fighting them there was no question of fighting the whole country. On the contrary it was presumed with justice that their overthrow would be hailed with See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

When these conditions were accepted by the Fulani chiefs the supremacy of Great Britain was established over the entire country. Katsena and Gando followed the example set to them by Kano and Sokoto. Throughout Northern Nigeria all chiefs, Mahommedan and Pagan, now hold their appointments under the British crown and take the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

Cases could be referred by him for re-trial in the superior court if he so decided. A criminal See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Similarly the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

Under this system the oppression and extortion practised under native rule gave place to a carefully regulated method of assessment. At its See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

Minor chiefs are nominated by their paramount chiefs, subject to the approval of the high commissioner. Military and See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

The cantonments are regulated by a municipal See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

The former colony and protectorate of Lagos (q.v.) became the western or Lagos province of the new administration. In the year the amalgamation was effected the revenue reached a record figure, the amount collected being £1,o88,000, to which Lagos province contributed £424,000. Over 8o% of the revenue was derived from customs. In the same year the expenditure from revenue was £1,o56,0oo. Northern Nigeria Railway.—In Northern Nigeria, which continued for the time to be a separate protectorate, Sir Frederick Lugard was, at the beginning of 1907, succeeded as high commissioner by Sir See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

D. Lugard, and recommended " a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)