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See also:CANTONMENT (Fr. cantonnement, from cantonner, to See also:quarter; Ger. Ortsunterkunft or Quartier) . When troops are distributed in small parties amongst the houses of a See also:town or See also:village, they are said to be in cantonments, which are also called quarters or billets. Formerly this method of providing soldiers with shelter was rarely employed on active service, though the normal method in " See also:winter quarters," or at seasons when active military operations were not in progress. In the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, armies lived as a See also:rule in See also:camp (q.v.), and when the See also:provision of See also:canvas shelter was impossible in See also:bivouac. At the See also:present See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, however, it is unusual, in See also:Europe at any See also:rate, for troops on active service to hamper themselves with the enormous trains of See also:tent wagons that would be required, and cantonments or bivouacs, or a See also:combination of the two have therefore taken the See also:place, in See also:modern warfare, of the old See also:long rectilinear lines of tents that marked the resting-place and generally, too, the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:battle of an 18th-See also:century See also:army. Tlie greater See also:part of an army operating in Europe at the present See also:day is accommodated in widespread cantonments, an army See also:corps occupying the villages and farms found within an See also:area of 4 M. by 5 or 6. This See also:allowance of space has been ascertained by experience to be sufficient, not only for comfort, but also for subsistence for one day, provided that the See also:density of the See also:ordinary See also:civil See also:population is not less than 200 persons to the square mile. Under modern conditions there is little danger from such a dissemination of the forces, as each fraction of each army corps is within less than two See also:hours' See also:march of its concentration See also:post. If the troops See also:halt for several days, of course they require either a more densely populated See also:country from which to requisition supplies, or a wider area of cantonments. The difficulty of controlling the troops, when scattered in private houses in parties of six or seven, is the See also:principal objection to this See also:system of cantonments. But since See also:Napoleon introduced the " See also:war of masses " the only alternative to cantoning the troops is bivouacking, which if prolonged for several nights is more injurious to the well-being of the troops than the slight relaxation of discipline necessitated by the cantonment system, when the latter is well arranged and policed. The troops nearest the enemy, however, which have to be maintained in a See also:state of See also:constant readiness for battle, cannot as a rule afford the time either for dispersing into quarters or for rallying on an alarm, and in western Europe at any rate they are required to bivouac. In See also:India, the See also:term " cantonment " means more generally a military station or See also:standing camp. The troops live, not in private houses, but in See also:barracks, huts, forts or occasionally camps. The large cantonments are situated in the neighbourhood of the See also:North-Western frontier, of the large cities and of the capitals of important native states. Under See also:Lord See also:Kitchener's redistribution of the See also:Indian army in 1903, the See also:chief cantonments are See also:Rawalpindi, See also:Quetta, See also:Peshawar, See also:Kohat, See also:Bannu, See also:Nowshera, See also:Sialkot, Mian Mir, See also:Umballa, See also:Muttra, Ferozepore, See also:Meerut, See also:Lucknow, See also:Mhow, See also:Jubbulpore, Bolarum, See also:Poona, See also:Secunderabad and See also:Bangalore.
End of Article: CANTONMENT (Fr. cantonnement, from cantonner, to quarter; Ger. Ortsunterkunft or Quartier)
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