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minor channels, but with this exception the whole district is one continuous expanse of careful and prosperous tillage. Its fertility is largely due to the See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation canals. The Eastern Jumna See also:

canal runs through the whole length of the district, and supplies the See also:

rich tract between the Jumna and the Hindan with a network of distributary streams. The See also:

main See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Ganges canal passes across the centre of the See also:

plateau in a sweeping See also:

CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve and See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters the midland tract. The Anupshahr branch supplies irrigation to the Ganges slope, and the See also:

AGRA

Agra canal passes through the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern corner of Loni pargana from the Hindan to the Jumna. Besides these natural and artificial channels, the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is everywhere cut up by small See also:

WATER

water-courses. The Burh Ganga, or See also:

ancient See also:

bed of the Ganges, lies at some distance from the modern stream; and on its See also:

BANK

bank stood the abandoned city of See also:

HASTINAPUR

Hastinapur, the legendary See also:

capital of the Pandavas at the See also:

period of the Mahabharata, said to have been deserted many centuries before the See also:

Christian era, owing to the encroachments of the river. The comparatively high See also:

LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude and elevated position of Meerut make it one of the healthiest districts in the plains of India. The See also:

AVERAGE

average temperature varies from 570 F. in See also:

JANUARY

January to 87° in See also:

JUNE

June. The rainfall is small, less than 30 in. annually.

The only endemic disease in the district is malarial See also:

FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever; but small-pox and See also:

CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera occasionally visit it as epidemics. The population in 1901 was 1,540,175, showing an increase of Io•6% in the See also:

DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal crops are See also:

wheat, See also:

PULSE

pulse, See also:

millet, See also:

SUGAR

sugar-See also:

CANE

cane, cotton and See also:

INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, but this last See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop has declined of See also:

LATE

late years almost to extinction. The district is traversed by the North-Western railway, and also contains See also:

GHAZIABAD

Ghaziabad, the See also:

TERMINUS

terminus of the See also:

East Indian system, whence a branch runs to Delhi, while a branch of the Oudh & See also:

ROHILKHAND

Rohilkhand railway from See also:

MORADABAD

Moradabad to Ghaziabad was opened in 1900. The See also:

AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

HISTORY

history of the district begins with the Moslem invasions. The first undoubted See also:

MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan invasion was that of Kutbeddin in 1191, when Meerut town was taken and all the See also:

HINDU

Hindu temples turned into mosques. In 1398 Timur captured the fort of Loni after a desperate resistance, and put all his Hinduprisoners to See also:

DEATH

death. He then proceeded to Delhi, and after his memorable See also:

SACK

sack of that city returned to Meerut, captured the town, razed all the fortifications and houses of the See also:

HINDUS

Hindus, and put the male inhabitants to the See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword. The See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the great See also:

MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty in the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, under See also:

BABER

Baber and his successors, gave Meerut a period of See also:

INTERNAL

internal tranquillity and royal favour. After the death of See also:

AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb, however, it was exposed to alternate See also:

SIKH

Sikh and Mahratta invasions. From 1707 till 1775 the country was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of perpetual strife, and was only rescued from anarchy by the exertions of the military adventurer See also:

Walter Reinhardt, afterwards the See also:

HUSBAND

husband of the celebrated Begum Samru, who established himself at See also:

SARDHANA

Sardhana in the north, and ruled a large See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate. The southern tract, however, remained in its anarchic See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition under Mahratta exactions until the fall of Delhi in 1803, when the whole of the country between the Jumna and the Ganges was ceded by Sindhia to the British.

It was formed into a separate district in 1818. In the British period it has become memorable for its connexion with the Mutiny of 1857. The DIvIsIoN OF MEERUT comprises the northern portion of the Doab. It consists of the six districts of See also:

DEHRA

Dehra Dun, See also:

SAHARANPUR

Saharanpur, See also:

MUZAFFARNAGAR

Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, See also:

BULANDSHAHR

Bulandshahr and See also:

ALIGARH

Aligarh. Area, 11,302 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 5,979,711, showing an increase of 12'3% in the decade. See Meerut District Gazetteer (See also:

ALLAHABAD

Allahabad, 1904).

End of Article: MEERUT

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