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JUMNA, or JAMUNA

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 553 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JUMNA, or JAMUNA , a See also:river of See also:northern See also:India. Rising in the Himalayas in See also:Tehri See also:state, about 5 M. N. of the Jamnotri hot springs, in 31° 3' N. and 78° 30' E., the stream first flows S. for 7 m., then S.W. for 32 m., and afterwards due S. for 26 m., receiving several small tributaries in its course. It afterwards turns sharply to the W. for 14 m., when it is joined by the large river Tons from the See also:north. The Jumna here emerges from the Himalayas into the valley of the Dun, and flows in a S.W. direction for 22 m., dividing the Kiarda Dun on the W. from the See also:Dehra Dun on the E. It then, at the 95th mile of its course, forces its way through the Siwalik hills, and debouches upon the plains of India at See also:Fyzabad in See also:Saharanpur See also:district. By this See also:time a large river, it gives off, near Fyzabad, the eastern and western Jumna canals. From Fyzabad the river flows for 65 m. in a S.S.W. direction, receiving the Maskarra stream from the See also:east. Near Bidhauli, in See also:Muzaffarnagar district, it turns due S. for 8o m. to See also:Delhi See also:city, thence S.E. for 27 M. to near Dankaur, receiving the See also:waters of the Hindan river on the east. From Dankaur it resumes its southerly course for roo m. to Mahaban near See also:Muttra, where it turns E. for nearly 200 m., passing the towns of See also:Agra, Ferozabad and See also:Etawah, receiving on its See also:left See also:bank the Karwan-nadi, and on its right the Banganga (Utanghan). From Etawah it flows 140 M. S.E. to See also:Hamirpur, being joined by the Sengar on its north bank, and on the See also:south by the See also:great river See also:Chambal from the See also:west, and by the See also:Sind.

From Hamirpur, the Jumna flows nearly due E., until it enters See also:

Allahabad district and passes Allahabad city, below which it See also:JUMPING 553 falls into the See also:Ganges in 25° 25' N. and 81° 55' E. In this last See also:part of its course it receives the waters of the See also:Betwa and the See also:Ken. Where the Jumna and the Ganges unite is the prayag, or See also:place of See also:pilgrimage, where devout See also:Hindus resort in thousands to See also:wash and be sanctified. The Jumna, after issuing from the hills, has a longer course through the See also:United Provinces than the Ganges, but is not so large nor so important a river; and above Agra in the hot See also:season it dwindles to a small stream. This is no doubt partly caused by the eastern and western Jumna canals, of which the former, constructed in 1823-1830, irrigates 300,000 acres in the districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and See also:Meerut, in the United Provinces; while the latter, consisting of the reopened channels of two canals dating from about 1350 and 1628 respectively, extends through the districts of See also:Umballa, See also:Karnal, See also:Hissar, See also:Rohtak and Delhi, and the native states of See also:Patiala and See also:Jind in the See also:Punjab, irrigating 600,000 acres. The headworks of the two canals are situated near the point where the river issues from the Siwaliks. The See also:traffic on the Jumna is not very considerable; in its upper portion See also:timber, and in the See also:lower See also:stone, See also:grain and See also:cotton are the See also:chief articles of See also:commerce, carried in the clumsy See also:barges which navigate its stream. Its waters are clear and See also:blue, while those of the Ganges are yellow and muddy; the difference between the streams can be discerned for some distance below the point at which they unite. Its See also:banks are high and rugged, often attaining the proportions of cliffs, and the ravines which run into it are deeper and larger than those of the Ganges. It traverses the extreme edge of the alluvial See also:plain of Hindustan, and in the latter part of its course it almost touches the See also:Bundelkhand offshoots of the See also:Vindhya range of mountains. Its passage is therefore more tortuous, and the scenery along its banks more varied and pleasing, than is the See also:case with the Ganges. The Jumna at its source near Jamnotri is 10,849 ft. above the See also:sea-level; at Kotnur, 16 m. lower, it is only 5036 ft.; so that, between these two places, it falls at the See also:rate of 314 ft. in a mile.

At its junction with the Tons it is 1686 ft. above the sea; at its junction with the Asan, 1470 ft.; and at the point where it issues from the Siwalik hills into the plains, 1276 ft. The catchment See also:

area of the river is 118,000 sq. m.; its See also:flood See also:discharge at Allahabad is estimated at 1,333,000 cub. ft. per second. The Jumna is crossed by railway See also:bridges at Delhi, Muttra, Agra and Allahabad, while bridges of boats are stationed at many places.

End of Article: JUMNA, or JAMUNA

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