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PUNJAB , a See also:province of See also:British See also:India, so named from the " five See also:rivers " by which it is watered: the See also:Jhelum, See also:Chenab, See also:Ravi, See also:Beas and See also:Sutlej, all tributaries of the See also:Indus. Geographic-ally the Punjab is the triangular See also:tract of See also:country of which the Indus and the Sutlej to their confluence See also:form the two sides, the See also:base being the See also:lower See also:Himalaya hills between those two rivers; but the British province now includes a large tract outside those boundaries. Along the See also:northern border Himalayan ranges See also:divide it from See also:Kashmir and See also:Tibet. On the See also:west it is separated from the See also:North-West Frontier province by the Indus, until that See also:river reaches the border of Dera See also:Ghazi See also:Khan See also:district, which is divided from See also:Baluchistan by the Suliman range. To the See also:south See also:lie See also:Sind and See also:Rajputana, while on the See also:east the rivers See also:Jumna and Tons See also:separate it from the See also:United Provinces.
The Punjab includes two classes of territory, that belonging to the British See also:Crown, and that in See also:possession of 34 feudatory chiefs, almost all of whom pay See also:tribute. The See also:total See also:area See also:political of the province is 133,741 sq. m., of which 97,209 sq. m. Divisions. are British territory, and the See also:remainder belongs to native states. The British territory is divided into 29 districts, grouped under the five divisions of See also:Delhi, See also:Lahore, See also:Jullundur, See also:Rawalpindi and See also:Multan; while the native states vary in See also:size from See also:Bahawalpur, with an area of 15,000 sq. m., to the tiny See also:state of Darkoti, with an area of 8 sq. m. and a total See also:population of 518 souls. They maybe grouped under three See also:main heads: the Phulkian states of See also:Patiala, See also:Jind and See also:Nabha and the See also:Sikh state of See also:Kapurthala, occupying the centre of the eastern plains; the See also:Mahommedan state of Bahawalpur between the Sutlej and the Rajputana See also:desert; and the See also: In the south-eastern corner the Aravalli system sends out insignificant outliers, which run across See also:Gurgaon and Delhi districts and strike the Jumna at Delhi. The lower portion of the western frontier is constituted by the See also:great Suliman See also:chain; while the north-western districts of the province are traversed by the hill system known as the See also:Salt range. The mountain system of the Himalayas, so far as it concerns the Punjab, consists primarily of three great ranges See also:running in a generally north-See also:westerly direction from the See also:head-See also:waters of the Sutlej to the Indus: the western Himalayas or Zanskar or Bara Lacha range, the See also:mid-Himalayas or Pir Panjal range, and the See also:outer or sub-Himalayas. From these three great ranges See also:spring numerous See also:minor ranges, as ribs from a backbone, the whole forming a confused system of mountain chains and valleys, the breadth of which is some 90 m. at its eastern extremity from Lahul to the Siwaliks of See also:Hoshiarpur, and some 150 M. measured at its western extremity across Kashmir. The " five rivers " of the Punjab are each of large See also:volume; but, on See also:account of the great width of sandy channel in their passage through the plains, their changing courses, The Five and shifting shoals, they are of no value for See also:steam Rivers. See also:navigation, though they all support a considerable See also:boat-See also:traffic. Of See also:recent years most of them have been utilized for purposes of See also:irrigation, and have turned the sandy desert of 2 This See also:idea combined with the retributive is found as See also:early as Deut. xix. 20, " And those which remain shall hear and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil." the Punjab into one of the great See also:wheat See also:fields of the British See also:Empire. While the See also:general name Punjab is applied to the whole country of the " five rivers," there are distinct names for each of the doabs (do, two; ab, See also:water) or tracts between two adjoining rivers. The country between the Sutlej and the Beas is called the Jullundur See also:Doab; it includes the districts of Jullundur and Hoshiarpur. The See also:long See also:strip between the Beas and the Ravi, containing the greater See also:part of See also:Gurdaspur, See also:Amritsar, Lahore, See also:Montgomery, and Multan districts, is called the See also:Bari Doab. Rechna Doab is the tract between the Ravi and the Chenab, embracing See also:Sialkot and See also:Gujranwala districts, with the trans-Ravi portions of the districts of the Bari Doab. Chaj or Jech is the doab between the Chenab and the Jhelum (See also:Gujrat and See also:Shahpur districts and part of See also:Jhang), and Sind See also:Sagar is the name of the large doab between the Jhelum and the Indus, including Rawalpindi, Jhelum and See also:Muzaffargarh districts, with parts of Shahpur, See also:Bannu and Dera See also:Ismail Khan. The higher and dryer parts of the doabs are called See also:bar. They are See also:waste, but not barren, scantily covered with See also:low shrubs, and capable, when watered, of being well cultivated. The bar is the great See also:camel-grazing See also:land. Large areas of Muzaffargarh and Multan districts are thal, barren tracts of shifting See also:sand. The See also:middle part of the Bari Doab, in Amritsar district, bears the distinctive name of Manjha (middle) as the centre and headquarters of the Sikh nation, containing their two sacred tanks of Amritsar and Taran Taran. The See also:Malwa Sikhs, again, are those of the cis-Sutlej country. South of the Himalayas stretch the great plains, which constitute by far the larger proportion of the province. With The Punjab the exception of the Himalayan and Salt range Plalns. tracts the Punjab presents, from the Jumna on the east to the Sulimans in the west, one vast level, unbroken See also:save by the wide eroded channels within which the great rivers ever shift their beds, by the insignificant spurs of the Aravalli range in the south-eastern corner, and the low hills of Chiniot and Kirana in Jhang. The whole of these vast plains is of alluvial formation. Stones are unknown save at the immediate foot of the hills; micaceous river sand is to be found everywhere at varying depths; and the only See also:mineral is nodular accretions of See also:limestone, called kankar, which is used for the construction of roads. The See also:soil is a singularly See also:uniform See also:loam, the quality being determined by the greater or smaller proportion of sand See also:present. In the See also:local hollows and drainage lines the See also:constant See also:deposit of argillaceous particles has produced a stiff tenacious soil, especially adapted to See also:rice cultivation, while in the beds of the great rivers, and on the See also:wind-fretted water-sheds pure sand is commonly found. Where neither sand nor the saline efflorescence called reh is present, the soil is uniformly fertile, if only the rainfall be sufficient or means of irrigation be available. Throughout the greater part of the western plains, however, the insufficiency of rainfall is a permanent See also:condition; and until recently the uniform aspect of the country was that of wide See also:steppes of intrinsically fertile soil, useful, however, only as grazing grounds for herds of camels or See also:cattle. The Punjab may be divided into four great natural divisions: the Himalayan tract, the submontane tract, the eastern and Natural western plains and the Salt range tract, which have Nivisions. characteristics widely different from each other. The Himalayan tract, which includes the Punjab hill states, consists of 20,000 sq. m. of sparsely inhabited mountain, with tiny hamlets perched on the hill-sides or nestling in the valleys. The See also:people consist chiefly of Rajputs, Kanets. Ghiraths, Brahmans and Dagis or menials. The eastern and western plains, which are divided from each other by a See also:line passing through Lahore, are dissimilar in See also:character. The eastern are arable plains of moderate rainfall and almost without rivers, except along their northern and eastern edges. They are inhabited by the See also:Hindu races of India, and contain the great cities of Delhi, Amritsar and Lahore. They formed, until the recent spread of irrigation, the most fertile, wealthy and populous portion of the province. The western plains, except where See also:canal irrigation has been introduced, consist of arid pastures with scanty rainfall, traversed by the five great rivers, of which the broad valleys alone are cultivable. They are inhabited largelyby Mahommedan tribes, and it is in this tract that irrigation has worked such great changes. The Chenab and Jhelum Canal colonies are already pronounced successes, and it is hoped that in See also:process of See also:time the Lower Bari Doab and the Sind-Sagar Doab will be similarly fertilized. The submontane tract, skirting the foot of the hills, has an area of io,000 sq. m., consisting of some of the most fertile and thickly populated portions of the province. Its population comes midway between the peoples of the hills arid of the plains in See also:race, See also:religion and See also:language, Mahommedanism being less prevalent, See also:Hindi more generally spoken, and Rajputs and hill menials more commcn than in the plains. The Gujars form a See also:special feature of this See also:zone. Its only large See also:town is Sialkot. The Salt range tract includes the districts of Rawalpindi and Jhelum and a small portion of Shahpur district, and consists of some 9000 sq. m. of broken and confused country. See also:Geology.—By far the greater part of the Punjab is covered by alluvial and wind-blown deposits of the See also:plain of the Indus. The Salt range hills form a See also:plateau with a steeply scarped See also:face to the south, along which there is an See also:axis of abrupt folding, accompanied by faulting. The rocks found in the Salt range belong to the See also:Cambrian, Carboniferous, See also:Permian, Triassic and See also:Jurassic systems, while See also:Tertiary beds See also:cover the plateau behind. The extensive and valuable deposits of salt, from which the range takes its name, occur near the base of the Cambrian beds. See also:Gypsum, kieserite and other salts are also found. Between the Cambrian and the Carboniferous beds there is an unconformity, which, however, is not very strongly marked, in spite of the See also:lapse of time which it indicates. At the bottom of the Carboniferous See also:series there is usually a See also:boulder See also:bed, the boulders in which have been brought from a distance and are scratched and striated as if by See also:ice. It is generally admitted that this deposit, together with contemporaneous boulder beds in the See also:peninsula of India, in See also:Australia and in South See also:Africa, indicate a See also:southern glacial See also:period in See also:late Carboniferous times. Above the See also:sandstone series at the base of which the boulder bed lies, come the Productus and Ceratite limestones. The former is believed to belong to the Upper Carboniferous and Permian, the latter to the Trias. Jurassic beds are found only in the western portion of the range.
See also:Climate.—Owing to its sub-tropical position, scanty rainfall and cloudless skies, and the wide expanse of untilled plains, the climate of the Punjab presents greater extremes of both See also:heat and See also:cold than any other part of India. From the middle of See also:April to the middle of See also:September it is extremely hot, while from the beginning of See also:October to the end of See also: The Punjab enjoys two 'well-marked seasons of See also:rain-fall; the monsoon period, lasting from the middle of June till the end of September, on which the autumn crops and spring sowings depend ; and the See also:winter rains, which fall early in January, and though often insignificant in amount materially affect the prosperity of the spring See also:harvest. Excepting in the Himalayas the rainfall is greatest in the east of the province, as the Bombay monsoon is exhausted in its passage over the great plains of Sind and Rajputana, while the west winds from Baluchistan pass over an arid tract and leave such moisture as they may have collected on the western slopes of the Suliman range; so that the Punjab depends for its rain very largely on the south-east winds from the See also:Bay of See also:Bengal. The submontane tract has an See also:annual See also:average of 36 to 32 in., the eastern plains vary from 20 to 14 in., and the western plains from to to 5 in. Minerals.—Besides See also:rock-salt, the mineral products of the Punjab are not many. Limestone, See also:good for See also:building, is obtained at Chiniot on the Chenab and at a few other places. There are extensive See also:alum-beds at See also:Kalabagh on the Indus. A small quantity of See also:coal is found in the Salt range in disconnected beds, the Dandot colliery in the Jhelum district being worked by the North-Western railway. See also:Petroleum is found in small quantities at a number of places in Rawalpindi, being gathered from the See also:surface of pools or collected in shallow pits. In almost all parts of the Punjab there is kankar, rough nodular limestone, commonly found in thick beds, a few feet below the surface of the ground, used for road See also:metal and burned for See also:lime. See also:Agriculture.—As in other parts of India, there are commonly two harvests in the year. The spring crops are wheat, See also:barley, See also:gram, various vegetables, oil-seeds, See also:tobacco and a little See also:poppy; the autumn crops are rice, millets, See also:maize, pulses, See also:cotton, See also:indigo and See also:sugar-See also:cane. Wheat has become the most important export of the province. In the spring of 1906 an area of 82 million acres was harvested, producing 31 million tons. See also:Tea is cultivated in See also:Kangra district. See also:Flax has been produced successfully, but the cultivation has not been extended. Hops have been grown experimentally, for the See also:Murree brewery, on neighbouring hills; the cultivation in Kashmir has been more encouraging. Potatoes are grown extensively on cleared areas on the hills. The Punjab produces freely many of the See also:Indian fruits. Grapes are grown in many of the Himalayan valleys where the rain is not excessive; but they are inferior to those brought from See also:Kabul. Forests.—The See also:forest area of the Punjab consists of 9278 sq. m., of which 1916 sq. m. are reserved and 4909 sq. m. protected. The wasteful destruction of trees is checked in the hill forests rented from native states by the British See also:government. The See also:principal reserved forests are the deodar (Cedrus Deodara) and chil (Pinus longifolia) tracts in the hills, the plantations of shisham (Dalbergia Sissu) and sal (Shorea robusta) in the plains, and the See also:fuel rakhs or preserves (See also:Acacia, Prosopis, &c.). Manufactures.—Most of the native manufactures of the Punjab are those See also:common to other parts of India, such as the See also:ordinary cotton fabrics, plain woollen blankets, unglazed pottery, See also:ropes and See also:cord, grass See also:matting, See also:paper, See also:leather-See also:work, See also:brass vessels, See also:simple agricultural implements and the tools used in trades. Other manufactures, not so general, yet not See also:peculiar to the Punjab, are woollen fabrics, carpets and shawls, See also:silk cloths and See also:embroidery, See also:jewelry and ornamental metal-work, See also:wood and See also:ivory See also:carving, turned and lacquered woodwork, glazed pottery, arms and See also:armour and musical See also:instruments. But some of these classes of manufacture are represented by work of special kinds or special excellence in particular parts of the Punjab, notably the silk fabrics of Multan and Bahawalpur; the carpets of Lahore and Amritsar; the See also:kashi or glazed See also:tile-work (an ancient See also:art still practised in a few places); koft-kari, inlaid metal-work (See also:gold See also:wire on See also:steel), chiefly made at Gujrat and Sialkot; shawls and other See also:fine woollen fabrics, made by See also:Kashmiri work-people at See also:Ludhiana and Nurpur, as well as in Kashmir; silk embroidery for shawls, scarfs and turbans, at Delhi, Lahore and Multan; embroidery on See also:cloth for See also:elephant-trappings, bed and table covers, &c., at Lahore and Multan; enamelled ornaments, in Kangra and Multan; See also:quill embroidery on leather, in Kangra and Simla; lacquered woodwork, at Pak Pattan. Cotton-See also:weaving gives employment to about a million persons, but the most flourishing See also:industry is the woollen factories of Amritsar, Gurdaspur and elsewhere. Injury has been done to some of the native arts of the Punjab, as of other parts of India, by unwise copying of See also:European patterns. The Lahore School of Art attempts to correct this and promote the study and See also:execution of native forms and designs. The Lahore Museum contains illustrations of the arts and manufactures, as well as raw products, of the Punjab; and also a large collection of the sculptures, mostly Buddhist, and many of See also:Greek workmanship, found in the north-west of the province. See also:Trade.—The trade of the Punjab is almost wholly dependent upon agriculture. In a normal year the principal feature of the trade is the See also:movement of wheat to See also:Karachi, which is the See also:chief See also:port for the province. But in a See also:bad season, when the rains fail, this movement is at once checked, the wheat is held up in reserve and an eastward movement in cheaper grains begins. In 1904 32- million maunds of wheat were exported, but 1905 was a bad season and the amount See also:fell to 21 million maunds. The other chief articles of export are See also:pulse and raw cotton. The chief imports are European cotton and woollen piece-goods and See also:yarn, Indian piece-goods, sugar, metals and jute goods. The through trade in the main staples of See also:grain and piece-goods is in the hands of large European and native firms. In addition to the See also:foreign trade there is a considerable provincial trade with the United Provinces, and a trans-frontier trade with Kashmir, Ladakh, Yarkand and Tibet on the north, and with See also:Afghanistan on the west. Irrigation.—Irrigation for large areas is from canals and from reservoirs, and for smaller areas from See also:wells. The canals are of two kinds: those carrying a permanent stream throughout the year, and those which fill only on the periodical rising of the rivers, the latter being known as " inundation canals." There are only a few parts of the country presenting facilities for forming reservoirs, by closing the narrow outlets of small valleys and storing the ac-cumulated rainfall. The old canals made .by the Mahommedan rulers, of which the principal are Feroz's Canal from the Jumna and the Hasli Canal from the Ravi, have been improved or re-constructed by the British government. The principal new canals are the See also:Sirhind, See also:drawn from the Sutlej near See also:Rupar, which irrigates parts of the native states of Patiala, Nabha and Jhind, as well as British territory; the Bari Doab Canal from the Ravi; the Chenab Canal from the Chenab, irrigating the prosperous Chenab See also:colony; and the Jhelum Canal irrigating the Jhelum colony. The total area irrigated by the canals of the province in 1905–1906 was 6,914,500 acres, the eight See also:major See also:works, the Western Jumna, Bari Doab, Sirhind, Lower Chenab, Lower Jhelum, Upper Sutlej, Sidhnai and Indus accounting for all but 751,000 acres. The ravages of the See also:boll-See also:worm in the cotton See also:crop made 1906 an unfavourable year; but in spite of that the Lower Chenab Canal paid nearly 21% on the See also:capital invested, the Bari Doab i i % and the Western Jumna nearly to%. See also:Railways.—The Punjab is well supplied with railways, which have their central See also:terminus at Delhi. One main line of the North-Vl'estern runs from See also:Umballa through Lahore and Rawalpindi towards See also:Peshawar; another main line runs from Lahore to Multan,and thence to the See also:sea at Karachi; while a third runs along the See also:left See also:bank of the Indus, from See also:Attock southwards. From Delhi to Umballa there are two lines, one of the North-Western through See also:Meerut and See also:Saharanpur in the United Provinces, and a more See also:direct one, which is continued to Kalka, at the foot of the hills, whence a further continuation to Simla has been opened. The south-east of the province is served by two branches of the Rajputana system, which have their termini at Delhi and Ferozepore; and also by the Southern Punjab, which runs from Delhi to Bahawalpur. Population.—The total population of the Punjab (including native states) according to the See also:census of 1901 was 24,754,737, showing an increase of 6.4% in the See also:decade. The See also:Jats, who number some five millions, form the backbone of the cultivating community. Large See also:numbers of them have become Sikhs or Mahommedans in the tracts where those religions predominate. The Rajputs, with a total of over a million and three-quarters, comprise tribes of different religions, races and social systems. By religion they are mostly Mahommedan, only about one-See also:fourth being See also:Hindus, while a very few are Sikhs. By race they include the ancient ruling tribes of the Jumna valley, the Tomar and Chauhan, which gave Delhi its most famous Hindu dynasties; the Bhattis of the south and centre, which have migrated from See also:Bikanir and Jeysulmere into their present seats; the Sials of Jhang; and the Punwars of the south-west. In the northern or submontane districts the Rajputs also represent the old ruling tribes, such as the Chibbs of Gujrat, the Janjuas of the Salt range and others, while in Kangra district they preserve a very old type of Hindu See also:aristocracy. The Gujars are an important agricultural and See also:pastoral tribe. They are most numerous in the eastern See also:half of the province and in the districts of the extreme north-west, especially in Gujrat, to which they have given their name. Baluchis and Pathans are strongly represented in the south-west. The distinctive religion of the Punjab is See also:Sikhism (q.v.), though Sikhs form only 8-5% of the total population. Of the See also:rest, Mahommedans are more numerous than Hindus. Language.—Of the 24,754,737 people in the Punjab about 18,000,000 speak the provincial language, Punjabi, which varies in character in different parts of the province. About 4,000,000 speak Hindustani (see See also:HINDOSTANI), this number including those whose ordinary See also:vernacular is Hindi, but who understand and are gradually adopting the more comprehensive Hindustani. These two See also:languages are the most generally used throughout the province, but not equally in all parts. The other languages in use are more or less local. The hill dialects, known as See also:Pahari, are akin to the language spoken in Rajputana; and so also is the speech of the Gujars. Hindustani is the language of the See also:law courts and of all ordinary officials and other communications with chiefs and people. See also:Administration.—The administration is conducted by a See also:lieutenant-See also:governor, who is appointed by the governor-general, subject to the approval of the Crown. Two commissioners take the See also:place of the See also:board of See also:revenue in most other provinces. A survival of the " non-regulation " system is to be found in the See also:title of See also:deputy-See also:commissioner for the district officer elsewhere called See also:collector. The highest judicial authority is styled the chief See also:court, consisting of five See also:judges, which corresponds to the high court elsewhere. A legislative See also:council, first created in 1897, was enlarged in 1909 to 26 members, of whom ten are officials and five are elected. The province is distributed into five divisions or commissionerships. Most of the commissioners also exercise political functions over the native states within their See also:jurisdiction. See also:Education.—The Punjab University, which was founded in 1882, differs from other Indian See also:universities in being more than a merely examining See also:body. It is responsible for the management of the See also:Oriental See also:College at Lahore, and takes a part in the improvement of vernacular literature. It also conducts Oriental See also:examinations See also:side by side with those in See also:English, and has been the first to introduce a series of examinations in See also:science from matriculation to the degree, as well as a final school examination in clerical and commercial subjects. The higher and special educational institutions are the Lahore Government College, the See also:Cambridge
University See also:Mission College at Delhi, the Medical School and the See also:Mayo School of Art at Lahore; and the Punjab Chiefs' College, also at Lahore.
See also:History.—For the early history of the Punjab from the See also:Aryan See also:immigration to the fall of the See also:Mogul See also:dynasty see INDIA: History. It deserves, however, to be noted here that from the time of See also: The character of the sculptures is now well known from the specimens in the India Museum, South See also:Kensington, and both originals and casts of others in the Lahore Museum. Unfortunately they have no names or See also:inscriptions, which give so much value to the sculptures of the Bharhut tope. The several bodies of settlers in the Punjab from the earliest times have formed groups of families or clans (not identical with Indian castes, but in many cases joining them), which have generally preserved distinct characteristics and followed certain classes of occupation in particular parts of the country. Some of the existing tribes in the Punjab are believed to be traceable to the early Aryan settlers, as the Bhatti tribe, whose special region is See also:Bhattiana south of the Sutlej, and who have also in the See also:village of Pindi Bhattian a See also:record of their early occupation of a tract of country on the left bank of the Chenab, west of Lahore. The Dogras, another Aryan See also:clan, belong to a tract of the lower hills between the Chenab and the Ravi. Others similarly have their special ancient localities. To the earlier settlers—the dark race (Dasyu) whom the See also:Aryans found in the country, and who are commonly spoken of as See also:aborigines—belonged, as is supposed, the old tribe called Takka, whose name is found in Taksha-See also:sila or Taxila. And from the later foreigners again, the Indo-Scythians, are probably descended the great Jat tribe of cultivators, also the Gujars and others. It was during the events which brought See also:Baber, the first of the Mogul dynasty, to the See also:throne, that the See also:sect of the Sikhs was founded by Nanak; and it was under the persecution of See also:Aurangzeb that they were raised into a nation of warriors by Govind Singh, the tenth and last of the gurus. For their tenets and history see SIKHISM. The break-up of the Mogul Empire in the 18th See also:century allowed the Sikhs to establish themselves, as a loosely organized community of marauders, in the eastern plains of the Punjab, on both See also:banks of the Sutlej. Here, after long internecine warfare, one of their chieftains succeeded in enforcing his authority over the rest. This was Ranjit Singh, the " See also:Lion of the Punjab," See also:born in 178o, who acquired possession of Lahore as his capital in 1799. Ranjit was a See also:man of strong will and immense See also:energy, of no education but of great acuteness in obtaining the knowledge that would be of use to him. When he endeavoured to include the Sikh states south of the Sutlej within his jurisdiction, the heads of these states—chiefs of Sirhind and Malwa, as they were called —sought and obtained in 1808 the See also:protection of the British, whose territories had now extended to their neighbourhood. The British were at this time desirous of See also:alliance with Lahore as well as with Kabul, for protection against supposed See also:French designs on India. A British See also:envoy, See also: Peshawar was never really ruled till Avitabile was sent there in later years. When he was gradually raising his large and powerful See also:army Ranjit received into his service certain French and other See also:officers, who drilled his troops and greatly improved his See also:artillery. Whilst he relied on these foreigners for military and sometimes also for administrative services, he See also:drew around him a body of native ministers of great ability, of whom the See also:brothers Gulab Singh and Dhian Singh of See also:Jammu were the most influential. Ranjit always maintained friendly relations with the British government, and just before his See also:death gave tacit approval to the See also:scheme for placing Shah Shuja on the throne of Kabul. His death in 1839 was followed by six years of See also:internal anarchy, princes and ministers being murdered in See also:quick See also:succession, while all real See also:power passed to the army of 90,000 trained troops. At last this army, unpaid and unmanageable, demanded to be led into British territory, and had their way. They crossed the Sutlej in See also:December 1845. The battles of See also:Moodkee, See also:Ferozeshah and See also:Aliwal were followed by the rout of the Sikh army at See also:Sobraon on the loth of See also:February 1846, when they were driven back into the Sutlej with heavy loss, and the British army advanced to Lahore. Of the Sikh guns 256 fell into the hands of the British in these actions on the Sutlej. A treaty was made at Lahore on the 9th of March with the chiefs and See also:ministry who were to hold the government on behalf of the See also:young maharaja, Duleep Singh. By this treaty the Jullundur Doab and the hill district of Kangra were ceded to the British, also the possessions of the maharaja on the left bank of the Sutlej. In addition the British demanded a See also:money See also:payment of LI,500,000. The services of Gulab Singh, See also:raja of Jammu, to the Lahore state, in procuring the restoration of friendly relations with the British, were specially recognized. His See also:independent See also:sovereignty in such lands as might be made over to him was granted. The Sikh government, unable to pay the whole of the money demand, further ceded, as See also:equivalent for LI,000,000, the hill country between the Beas and the Indus, including Kashmir and See also:Hazara. Gulab Singh was prepared to give the amount in place of which Kashmir was to have become British, and by a separate treaty with him, on the 16th of March 1846, this was arranged. At the urgent See also:request of the See also:durbar a British force was left at Lahore for the protection of the maharaja and the preservation of See also:peace. To restore See also:order and introduce a settled administration a British See also:resident was appointed, who was to See also:guide and See also:control the council of regency, and assistants to the resident were stationed in different parts of the country. Peace was not long preserved. The governor of Multan, Diwan Mulraj, desired to resign. Two British officers sent by the resident to take over charge of the fort were murdered, on the rgth of April r848, and their escort went over to the diwan. Another of the assistants to the resident, Lieutenant See also:Herbert See also:Edwardes, then in the Derajat, west of the Indus, on See also:hearing of their See also:fate, collected a force with which to attack the Multan army while the insurrection was yet local. This he did with See also:signal success. But Multan could not fall before such means as he possessed. The movement spread, the operations widened, and the Sikh and British forces were in the See also: In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were severed from the Punjab and made into a separate province called the North-West Frontier province. See J. D. See also:Cunningham, History of the Sikhs (1849); S. S. See also:Thor-See also:burn, The Punjab in Peace and War (19o4); Sir Lepel See also:Griffin, Ranjit Singh (" Rulers of India" series, 1892); P. See also:Gough and A. Innes, The Sikhs and our Sikh See also:Wars (1897); See also:Professor Rait, See also:Life of See also:Lord Gough (1903); See also:Mahomet Latif, History of the Punjab (See also:Calcutta, 1891); and Punjab Gazetteer (2 vols., Calcutta, 1908). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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