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possession called the particular estate, which must determine before the estate in expectancy can become an estate in possession. A remainder or reversion is in strictness confined to real estate, whether legal or equitable, though a similar interest may exist in personalty. The particular estate and the remainder or reversion together make up the whole estate over which the grantor has See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of disposition? Accordingly a remainder or reversion limited on an estate in See also:

fee See also:

SIMPLE

simple is void. The difference between a remainder and a reversion, stated as simply as possible, is that the latter is that undisposed-of See also:

PART

part of the estate which after the determination of the particular estate will fall into the possession of the See also:

ORIGINAL

original grantor or his representative, while a remainder is that part of the estate which under the same circumstances will fall into the possession of a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person other than the original grantor or his 'Compare the See also:

LIFE

life-See also:

RENT

rent and fee of Scots law. representative. A reversion, in fact, is a See also:

SPECIAL

special instance of a remainder, distinguishable from it in two important respects: (I) a reversion arises by operation of law on every See also:

grant of an estate where the whole interest is not parted with, whereas a remainder is created by See also:

EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express words; (2) See also:

TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure exists between the reversioner and the See also:

TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant of the particular estate, but not between the latter and the remainderman. Accordingly rent service is said to be an incident of a reversion but not of a remainder, and a reversioner could distrain for it at See also:

COMMON

common law. A reversion may be limited upon any number of remainders, each of them as it falls into possession becoming itself a particular estate. A remainder or reversion may be alienated either by See also:

DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed or by will.

A See also:

CONVEYANCE

conveyance by the tenant of a particular estate to the remainderman or reversioner is called a surrender; a conveyance by the remainderman or reversioner to the tenant is a See also:

RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release. Remainder.—Remainders are either vested or contingent. " An estate is vested in interest when there is a present fixed right of future enjoyment. An estate is contingent when a right of enjoyment is to accrue on an event which is dubious and uncertain. A contingent remainder is a remainder limited so as to depend on an event or See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition which may never happen or be performed, or which may not happen or be performed till after the determination of the preceding estate " (See also:

FEARNE, CHARLES (1742-1794)

Fearne, Contingent Remainders, 2, 3). Contingent remainders are of two kinds, those limited to uncertain persons and those limited on uncertain events. A grant by A to B for life, followed by a remainder in fee to the See also:

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of C is an example of a contingent remainder? Until the See also:

DEATH

death of C he can have no heir. If C See also:

die during the lifetime of B, the contingent remainder of his heir becomes vested; if C survive B, the remainder is at common law destroyed owing to the determination of the particular estate, for every remainder must have a particular estate to support it. In the See also:

case of a contingent remainder, it must become vested during the continuance of the particular estate or at the instant of its determination. This See also:

RULE

rule of law no doubt arose from the disfavour shown by the law to contingent remainders on their first introduction. They were not firmly established even when See also:

Littleton wrote in the reign of See also:

EDWARD

Edward IV.

(see See also:

Williams, Real See also:

PROPERTY

Property). The inconveniences resulting from this liability of contingent remainders to destruction were formerly overcome by the See also:

DEVICE

device of appointing trustees to preserve contingent remainders, at law. Equitable contingent remainders, it should be noticed, were indestructible, for they were supported by the legal estate. In See also:

MODERN

modern times the See also:

MATTER

matter has been dealt with by See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament. By the Real Property Act 1845, § 8, a contingent remainder is rendered capable of taking . effect notwithstanding the determination by See also:

FORFEITURE (from " forfeit," originally an offence, and hence a fine exacted as a penalty for such; derived through the O. Fr. forfeit, from the late Lat. foris factum, a trespass, that which is done foris, outside)

forfeiture, surrender or See also:

MERGER (Fr. merger, to sink)

merger of any preceding estate of See also:

FREEHOLD

freehold in the same manner as if such determination had not happened. The case of determination by any other means is met by the Contingent Remainders Act 1877. The act provides that a contingent remainder which would have been valid as a springing or shifting use or executory devise or other See also:

LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation had it not had a sufficient estate to support it as a contingent remainder is, in the event of the particular estate determining before the contingent remainder vests, to be capable of taking effect as though the contingent remainder had originally been created as a springing or shifting use or executory devise or other executory limitation. It will accordingly only be See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good if the springing use, &c. (for which see See also:

TRUST

TRUST), would be good. If the springing use be void as a See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the rule against perpetuities (see See also:

PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

PERPETUITY), the remainder will likewise be void. Apart from this act, there is some uncertainty as to the application of the rule against perpetuities to remainders. The better See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is that it applies to equitable remainders and to legal remainders expectant upon an estate for life limited to an unborn person.

In the latter case the rule as applied to contingent remainders is somewhat different from that affecting executory interests. The See also:

period is different, the remainder allowing the tying up of property for a longer See also:

time than the executory interest. There is also the further difference that the rule does not affect a contingent remainder if it become vested before the determination of the particular estate. An executory interest is void if it may transgress the rule, even though it do not actually do so. For the rule in See also:

Shelley's case, important. in connexion with remainders, see that See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title. The See also:

state See also:

LAWS

laws of the See also:

UNITED

United States affecting remainders will be found in See also:

Washburn, Real Property, ii, bk. ii. As a See also:

general rule contingent remainders have been rendered of little See also:

PRACTICAL

practical importance by enactments that they shall take effect as executory devises or shall not determine on determination of the particular estate. Reversion.—Unlike remainders, all reversions are present or vested estates. The law of reversion, like that of remainder, has been considerably modified by See also:

STATUTE

statute. It was formerly considered ' A contingent remainder amounting to a freehold cannot be limited on a particular estate less than a freehold. that or1 the grant of the reversion the tenant should have the opportunity of objecting to the substitution of a new landlord. It was therefore necessary that he should attorn tenant to the purchaser.

Without such aftornment the grant was void, unless indeed See also:

ATTORNMENT (from Fr. tourner, to turn)

attornment were compelled by levying a See also:

FINE

fine. The See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of attornment was abolished by 4 & 5 See also:

Anne c. 16. Its only use at present seems to be in the case of See also:

MORTGAGE

mortgage. A mortgagor in possession sometimes attorns tenant to the mortgagee in See also:

order that the latter may treat him as his tenant and distrain for his interest as rent. The legal view that rent was incident to the reversion led at common law to a destruction of the rent by destruction of the reversion. This would chiefly happen in the case of an under-tenant and his immediate reversioner, if the inter-mediate became merged in the See also:

SUPERIOR

superior reversion. To obviate this difficulty it was provided by the Real Property Act 1845, § 9, that, on surrender or merger of a reversion expectant on a See also:

LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease, the rights under it should subsist to the reversion conferring the next vested right. The question as to what covenants run with the reversion is one of the most difficult in law. The rule of common law seems to have been that covenants ran with the See also:

LAND

land but not with the reversion, that is to say, the benefit of them survived to a new tenant but not to a new landlord. The effect of the act of 32 See also:

Hen. VIII. c.

34, and of the See also:

CONVEYANCING

Conveyancing Act 1881, has been to annex to the reversion as a general rule the benefit of the rent and the lessee's covenants and the See also:

BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of the lessor's See also:

covenant. Merely See also:

COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral covenants, however, do not run with the reversion, but are regarded as See also:

PERSONAL

personal contracts between lessor and lessee. At common law on the severance of a reversion a grantee of part of the reversion could not take See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of any condition for re-entry, on the ground that the condition was entire and not severable. This See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine was abolished by one of See also:

Lord St Leonard's Acts in 1859. The Conveyancing Act 1881, § 12, now provides in wider terms than those of the act of 1859 that on severance of the reversion every condition capable of See also:

apportionment is to be apportioned. In order to guard against fraudulent concealment of the death of a See also:

CESTUI, CESTUY

cestui que See also:

vie, or person for whose life any lands are held by another, it was provided by 6 Anne c. 18 that on application to the See also:

court of See also:

CHANCERY

chancery by the person entitled in remainder, reversion or expectancy, the cestui que vie should be produced to the court or its commissioners, or in See also:

DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default should be taken to be dead. In See also:

Scotland reversion is generally used in a sense approaching that of the See also:

EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity of redemption of English law. A reversion is either legal, as in an See also:

ADJUDICATION (Lat. adjudicatio; adjudicare, to award)

adjudication, or conventional, as in a wadset. Reversions are registered under the See also:

SYSTEM

system established by the Act 1617 c. 16. In the United States the act of 32 Hen.

VIII. c. 34 " is held to be in force in See also:

MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, See also:

Pennsylvania, See also:

ILLINOIS

Illinois, and See also:

CONNECTICUT

Connecticut, but was never in force in New See also:

York till re-enacted " (See also:

WASH, THE

Wash-See also:

BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn, Real Property, i.).

End of Article: REMAINDER, REVERSION

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