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See also:WILLIAMS, See also:ROGER (c. 1604–1684) , founder of the See also:colony of Rhode See also:Island in See also:America and See also:pioneer of religious See also:liberty, son of a See also:merchant tailor, was See also:born (probably) about 1604 in See also:London. It seems reasonably certain that he was educated, under the patronage of See also:Sir See also:Edward See also:Coke, at the See also:Charter See also:House and at See also:Pembroke See also:College, See also:Cambridge, where he received his degree in 1627. According to tradition (probably untrue), he studied See also:law under Sir Edward Coke; he certainly devoted himself to the study of See also:theology, and in 1629 was See also:chaplain to Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Masham of Otes, in the See also:parish of High Laver, See also:Essex, but from conscientious scruples, in view of the See also:condition of ecclesiastical affairs in See also:England at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, refused preferment. He soon decided to emigrate to New England, and, with his wife See also:Mary, arrived at See also:Boston See also:early in See also:February 1631. In See also:April he became teacher of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church at See also:Salem, See also:Mass., as assistant to the See also:Reverend See also:Samuel See also:Skelton. Owing to the opposition of the ecclesiastical authorities at Boston, with whose views his own were not in See also:accord, he removed to See also:Plymouth in the summer, and there remained for two years as assistant pastor. In See also:August 1633 he again became assistant teacher at Salem, and in the following See also:year succeeded Skelton as teacher. Here he incurred the hostility of the authorities of the See also:Massachusetts See also:Bay Colony by asserting, among other things, that the See also:civil See also:power of a See also:state could properly have no See also:jurisdiction over the consciences of men, that the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's patent conveyed no just See also:title to the See also:land of the colonists, which should be bought from its rightful owners, the See also:Indians, and that a See also:magistrate should not See also:tender an See also:oath to an unregenerate See also:man, an oath being, in reality, a See also:form of See also:worship. For the expression of these opinions he was formally tried in See also:July 1635 by the Massachusetts See also:General See also:Court, and at the next See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting of the General Court in See also:October, he not having taken See also:advantage of the opportunity given to him to recant, a See also:sentence of banishment was passed upon him, and he was ordered to leave the jurisdiction of Massachusetts within six See also:weeks. The time was subsequently extended, conditionally, but in See also:January 1636 an See also:attempt was made to seize him and transport him to England, and he, forewarned, escaped from his See also:home at Salem and proceeded alone to See also:Manton's See also:Neck, on the See also:east See also:bank of the Seekonk See also:river. At the instance of the authorities at Plymouth, within whose jurisdiction Manton's Neck was included, Williams, with four companions, who had joined him, founded in See also:June 1636 the first See also:settlement in Rhode Island, to which, in remembrance of " See also:God's merciful See also:providence to him in his See also:distress," he gave the name Providence. He immediately established friendly relations with the Indians in the vicinity, whose See also:language he had learned, and, in accordance with his principles, bought the land upon which he had settled from the sachems Canonicus (c. 1565–1647) and Mia.ntonomo. His See also:influence with the Indians, and their implicit confidence in him, enabled him in 1636, soon after arriving at Providence, to induce the Narragansets to ally themselves with the Massachusetts colonists at the time of the Pequot See also:War, and thus to render a most effective service to those who had driven him from their community. Williams and his companions founded their new settlement upon the basis of See also:complete religious See also:toleration, with a view to its becoming " a shelter for persons distressed for See also:conscience " (see RHODE ISLAND). Many settlers came from Massachusetts and elsewhere,
among others some See also:Anabaptists, by one of whom in 1639 Williams was baptized, he baptizing others in turn and thus establishing what has been considered the first Baptist church in America. Williams, however, maintained his connexion with this church for only three or four months, and then became what was known as a " Seeker," or See also:Independent, though he continued to preach. In June 1643 he went to England, and there in the following year obtained a charter for Providence, See also:Newport and Ports-mouth, under the title " The Providence Plantations in the See also:Narragansett Bay." He returned to Providence in the autumn of 1644, and soon afterwards was instrumental in averting an attack by the Narragansets upon the See also:United Colonies of New England and the Mohegans. In 1646 he removed from Providence to a See also:place now known as Wickford, R.I. He was at various times a member of the general See also:assembly of the colony, acted as See also:deputy See also:president for a See also:short time in 1649, was president, or See also:governor, from See also:September 1654 to May 16J7, and was an assistant in 1664, 1667 and 167o. In 1651, with See also:John See also:- CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
- CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
- CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
- CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
- CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
- CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
- CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
- CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
- CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
- CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
- CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
- CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)
Clarke (16o9-1676), he went to England to secure the annulment of a See also:commission which had been obtained by William Coddington for the See also:government of Rhode Island (Newport and See also:Portsmouth) and See also:Connecticut, and the issue of a new and more explicit charter, and in the following year succeeded in having the Coddington commission vacated. He returned in the summer of 1654, having enjoyed the friendship of See also:Cromwell, See also:Milton and other prominent Puritans; but Clarke remained in England and in 1663 obtained from See also:Charles II. a new charter for "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." Williams died at Providence in See also:March or April 1684; the exact date is unknown.
Though headstrong, opinionative and rigid in his theological views, he was uniformly tolerant, and he occupies a high place among those who have striven for complete liberty of conscience. He was the first and the foremost exponent in America of the theory of the See also:absolute freedom of the individual in matters of See also:religion; and Rhode Island, of which he was pre-eminently the founder, was the first colony consistently to apply this principle in practice.
Williams was a vigorous controversialist, and published, chiefly during his two visits to England, besides A See also:Key into the Language of the Indians of America (written at See also:sea on his first voyage to England (1643) ; reprinted in vol. i. of the Collections of the Rhode Island See also:Historical Society (1827), and in See also:series i. vol. iii. of the Massachusetts Historical Society Collections) ; Mr See also:Cotton's See also:Letter Examined and Answered (1644); The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644); Queries of Highest See also:Consideration (1644); The Bloudy Tenent yet more Bloudy (1652); The Hireling See also:Ministry none of See also:Christ's (1652); Experiments of Spiritual See also:Life and See also:Health(1652); and See also:George See also:Fox Digged out of his Burrowes (1676).
His writings have been republished in the Publications of the Narragansett See also:Club (6 vols., Providence, 1866-1874), the last See also:volume containing his extant letters, written between 1632 and 1682. The best See also:biographies are those by Oscar See also:Straus (New See also:York, 1894) and E. J. See also:Carpenter (ibid. 191o). Also see J. D. See also:Knowles, Memoir of Roger Williams (Boston, 1834), and See also:Elton, Life of Roger Williams (London, 1852 ; Providence, 1853) ; New England Hist. and Gen. Regis-ter, July and October 1889, and January 1899; and M.C.See also:Tyler, See also:History of See also:American Literature, 1607–1765 (New York, 1878). For the best See also:apology for his See also:expulsion from Massachusetts, see See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry M. See also:Dexter's .4 s to Roger Williams and his " Banishment " from the Massachusetts See also:Plantation (Boston, 1876), an unsuccessful attempt to prevent Massachusetts from revoking the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of banishment.
End of Article: WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
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