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ESSEX , an eastern See also:county of See also:England, bounded N. by See also:Cambridgeshire and See also:Suffolk, E. by the See also:North See also:Sea, S. by the See also:Thames, 2 i.e. in the Devereux See also:line.
dividing it from See also:Kent, W. by the administrative county of See also:London and by See also:Hertfordshire. Its See also:area is 1542 sq. m. Its configuration is sufficiently indicated by the direction of its See also:rivers. Except that in the N.W. the county includes the heads of a few valleys draining northward to the See also:Cam and so to the See also:Great See also:Ouse, all the streams, which are never of great See also:size, run southward and eastward, either into the Thames, or into the North Sea by way of the broad, shallow estuaries which ramify through the See also:flat See also:coast lands. The highest ground lies consequently in the north-See also:west, between the Cam See also:basin and the rivers of the county. Its See also:principal southward See also:extension is that between the See also:Lea (which with its tributary the Stort forms a great See also:part of the western boundary) and the Roding, and See also:east of the Roding valley. The other See also:chief rivers may be specified according to their estuaries, following the coast northward from See also:Shoeburyness at the Thames mouth. That of the See also:Roach ramifies among several islands of which Foulness is the largest, but its See also:main See also:branch joins the Crouch See also:estuary. Next follows the See also:Blackwater, which receives the Chelmer, the See also:Brain and other streams. Following a coast of numerous creeks and islets, with the large See also:island of Mersea, the See also:Colne estuary is reached. The Colne and See also:Black-See also:water may be said to See also:form one large estuary, as they enter the sea by a well-marked See also:common mouth, 5 M. in width, between Sales Point and Colne Point. There is a great irregular inlet (Hamford Water) receiving no large stream, W. of the Naze promontory, and then the See also:Stour, bounding the county on the north, joins its estuary to that of the Orwell near the sea. There are several seaside watering-places in favour owing to their proximity to London, of which Southend-on-Sea above the mouth of the Thames, Clacton-on-Sea, See also:Walton-on-the-Naze, and See also:Dovercourt adjoining See also:Harwich are the chief. These and' other stations on the estuaries are also in favour with yachtsmen. The sea has at some points seriously encroached upon the See also:land within historic times. The See also:low soft cliffs at various points are liable to give way against the waves; in other parts dykes and embankments are necessary to prevent inundation. Inland, that is apart from the flat coast-See also:district, the See also:country is pleasantly undulating and for the most part well wooded. It was formerly, indeed, almost wholly forested, the great See also:Waltham See also:Forest stretching from See also:Colchester to the confines of London. Of this a fragment is preserved in See also:Epping Forest (see EPPING) between the Lea and the Roding. On the other See also:side of the Roding Hainault Forest is traceable, but was disafforested in 1851. The See also:oak is the principal See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree; a noteworthy example was that of Fairlop in Hainault, which measured 45 ft. in girth, but was blown down in 1820.
See also:Geology.—The See also:geological structure of the county is very See also:simple: the greater part is occupied by the London See also:clay with underlying See also:Reading beds and See also:Thanet sands, with here and there small patches of Bagshot gravels on elevated tracts, as at High See also:Beech, See also:Langdon See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill, See also:Brentwood and See also:Rayleigh; and occasionally the same beds are represented by the large See also:boulder-like Sarsen stones on the See also:lower ground. In the north, the See also:chalk, which underlies the See also:Tertiary strata over the whole county, appears at the See also:surface and forms the See also:downs about See also:Saffron See also:Walden, Birdbrook and Great Yeldham; it is brought up again by a small disturbance at Grays Thurrock where it is quarried on a large See also:scale for See also:lime, See also:cement and See also:whiting. Small patches of See also:Pleistocene Red See also:Crag See also:rest upon the See also:Eocene strata at See also:Beaumont and Oakley, and are very well exposed at Walton-onthe-Naze where they are very fossiliferous. Most of the county is covered by a superficial See also:deposit of glacial drifts, sands, See also:gravel and in places boulder clay, as at Epping, See also:Dunmow and Hornchurch where the See also:drift lies beneath the Thames gravel. An interesting feature in relation to the glacial drift is a deep trough in the Cam valley revealed by borings to be no less than 34o ft. deep at See also:Newport ; this See also:ancient valley is filled with drift. In the See also:southern part of the county are broad spreads of gravel and See also:brick See also:earth, formed by the Thames; these have been excavated for brick-making and See also:building purposes about See also:Ilford, See also:Romford and Grays, and have yielded the remains of See also:hippopotamus, See also:rhinoceros and See also:mammoth. More See also:recent alluvial deposits are found in the valley at See also:Walthamstow and Tilbury, in which the remains of the See also:beaver have been discovered.
The roads of this county with a clay See also:soil See also:foundation were for generations repaired with flints picked by See also:women and See also:children from the surface of the See also:fields. Gravel is difficult of acces With the exception of chalk for lime (mainly obtained at Ballingdon in the north and Grays in the See also:south), septaria for making cement, and clay for bricks, the underground riches of the county are meagre.
See also:Agriculture.—As an agricultural county Essex ranks high. Some four-fifths of the See also:total area is under cultivation, and about one-third of that area is in permanent pasture. See also:Wheat. See also:barley and oats, in that relative See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, are the principal See also:grain crops, Essex being one of the chief grain-producing counties. The wheat and barley are in particularly high favour, the wheat of various See also:standard See also:species being exported for See also:seed purposes, while the barley is especially useful in malting. Beans and peas are largely grown, as are vegetables for the London See also:market. See also:Hop-growing was once important. From the See also:comparative dryness of the See also:climate Essex does not excel in pasturage, and See also:winter grazing receives the more See also:attention. The See also:numbers of See also:cattle increase steadily, and See also:store bullocks are introduced in large numbers from See also:Norfolk, See also:Lincolnshire, See also:Ireland and See also:Wales. Of See also:sheep there are but few distinct flocks, and the numbers decrease. Pigs are generally of a high-class See also:Berkshire type.
Other See also:Industries.—The south-west of the county, being contiguous to London, is very densely populated, and is the seat of large and varied industries. For example, there are numbers of chemical See also:works, the extensive See also:engine shops and works of the Great Eastern railway at See also:Stratford, See also:government See also:powder works in the vicinity of Waltham See also:Abbey, and powder stores at Purfleet on the Thames. The extensive water-works for east London, by the Lea near Walthamstow, may also be mentioned. The docks at Plaistow and Tilbury on the Thames employ many hands. Apart from this See also:industrial district, there are consider-able See also:engineering works, especially for agricultural implements, at See also:Chelmsford, Colchester and elsewhere; several See also:silk works, as at See also:Braintree and See also:Halstead; large breweries, as at Brentwood, Chelmsford and Romford; and lime and cement works at Grays Thurrock. The See also:oyster-beds of the Colne produce the famous Colchester natives, and there are similar beds in the Crouch and Roach, for which Burnham-on-Crouch is the centre; and in the Blackwater (See also:Maldon).
Communications.—Railway communications are supplied principally by the Great Eastern railway, of which the main line runs by Stratford, Ilford, Romford, Brentwood, Chelmsford, See also:Witham, Colchester, and Manningtree. The See also:Cambridge and See also:northern line of this See also:company, following the Lea valley, does not See also:touch the county until it diverges along the valley of the Stort. The chief branches are those to Southend and Burnham, Witham to Maldon, Colchester to See also:Brightlingsea, to Clacton and to Walton, and Manningtree to Harwich, on the coast; and Witham to Braintree and See also:Bishop's Stortford, and See also:Mark's Tey to See also:Sudbury and beyond, inland; while there are several branch lines among the manufacturing and residential suburbs in the south-west, to Walthamstow and Buckhurst Hill, See also:Chigwell, See also:Loughton, Epping, Ongar, &c. The London, Tilbury & Southend railway, following the Thames, serves the places named, and the Colne Valley railway runs from Chappel junction near Mark's Tey by Halstead to See also:Haverhill.
On the Thames, besides the great docks at Plaistow (See also:Victoria and See also:Albert) and the deep-water docks at Tilbury, the principal calling places for vessels are Grays, Purfleet and Southend, while See also:Barking on the Roding has also See also:shipping See also:trade, and the Lea affords important water-connexions. Elsewhere, the principal See also:port is Harwich, at the mouth of the Stour, one of the chief ports of England for See also:European passenger See also:traffic. Other towns ranking as lesser estuarine ports are: Brightlingsea and Wivenhoe on the Colne, forming a member of the Cinque Port of See also:Sandwich; Colchester, Maldon on the Blackwater, and Burnham-on-Crouch. The Stour, Chelmer, and Lea and Stort are the principal navigable inland waterways.
See also:Population and See also:Administration.—The area of the ancient county is 986,975 acres, with a population in 1891 of 785,445 and
in 190I of 1,085,771. The area of the administrative county is
979,532 acres. The county contains nineteen hundreds. It
is divided into eight See also:parliamentary divisions, and it also includes the parliamentary boroughs of Colchester and West See also:Ham, the latter consisting of two divisions. Each of these returns one member. The county divisions are—Northern or Saffron Walden, North-eastern or Harwich, Eastern or Maldon, Western
or Epping, See also:Mid or Chelmsford, South-eastern, Southern or Rom-See also:ford, South-western or Walthamstow, returning one member each. The municipal boroughs are—Chelmsford (12,580), Colchester (38,373), East Ham (96,018), Harwich (10,070), Maldon (5565), Saffron Walden (5896), Southend-on-Sea (28,857), and one county See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough, West Ham (267,358). The following are the other See also:urban districts—Barking See also:Town (21,547), Braintree (5330), Brentwood (4932), Brightlingsea (4501), Buckhurst Hill (4786), Burnham-on-Crouch (2919), See also:Chingford (4373), Clacton (7456), Epping (3789), Frinton-on-Sea (644), Grays Thurrock (13,834), Halstead (6073), Ilford (41,234), See also:Leigh-on-Sea (3667), See also:Leyton (98,912), Loughton (4730), Romford (13,656), Shoeburyness (4081), Waltham See also:Holy See also:Cross (6549), Walthamstow (95,131), Walton-on-the-Naze (2014), See also:Wanstead (9179), Witham (3454), Wivenhoe (2560), See also:Woodford (13,798). Essex is in the South-eastern See also:circuit, and assizes are held at Chelmsford. The boroughs of Harwich and Southend-on-Sea have See also:separate commissions of the See also:peace, and the boroughs of Colchester, Maldon, Saffron Walden and West Ham have, in addition, separate courts of See also:quarter sessions. The county is ecclesiastically within the See also:diocese of St Albans (with a small portion within that of See also:Ely) and is divided into two archdeaconries; containing 452 parishes or districts wholly or in part. There are 399 See also:civil parishes.
There is a military station and See also:depot for recruits at Warley, and a See also:garrison at Tilbury. At Shoeburyness there are a school of gunnery and an extensive ground for testing government See also:artillery of the largest calibre.
See also:History (see also below under EssEx, See also:KINGDOM oF).—Essex probably originated as a See also:shire in the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of iEthelstan. According to the Domesday Survey it comprised nineteen hundreds, corresponding very closely in extent and in name with those of the See also:present See also:day. The additional See also:half-See also:hundred of Thunreslan on the Suffolk border has disappeared; Witbrictesherna is now Dengie; and the See also:liberty of Havering-atte-See also:Bower appears to have been taken out of Becontree.
Essex and Hertfordshire were under one See also:sheriff . until the time of See also:Elizabeth. At the time of the Survey See also:Count Eustace held a vast See also:fief in Essex, and the See also:court of the See also:Honour of See also:Boulogne was held at Witham. Bentry See also:Heath in Dagenham, Hundred Heath in Tendring and See also:Castle Hedingham in Hinckford were the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-places of their respective hundreds. The stewardship of the forest of Essex was held by the earls of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford until deprived of it for adherence to the Lancastrian cause. In 1421 certain parts of Essex inherited by See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry V. from his See also:mother were brought under the See also:jurisdiction of the duchy of See also:Lancaster.
Essex was part of the see of London from the time of the foundation of the bishopric in the 7th See also:century. The See also:arch-deaconries are first mentioned in rro8; that of Essex extended over the south of the county and in 1291 included eight deaneries; the north of the county was divided between the archdeaconries of See also:Middlesex and Colchester, comprising three and six deaneries respectively. Colchester was constituted a See also:suffragan bishopric by Henry VIII. In 1836 Essex was transferred to' the diocese of See also:Rochester, with the exception of nine parishes which remained in London. In 1845 the See also:archdeacon of Middlesex ceased to exercise See also:control in Essex, and the deaneries were readjusted. In 1875 Essex was transferred to the newly created diocese of St Albans, and in 1877 the archdeaconry of Essex was subdivided into eighteen deaneries and that of Colchester into sixteen.
Owing to its proximity to the See also:capital Essex was intimately associated with all the great See also:historical struggles. The See also:nobility of Essex took a leading part in the struggle for the See also:charter, and of the twenty-four guardians of the charter, four were Essex barons. The castles of Pleshey, Colchester, and Hedingham were held against the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king in the Barons' See also:War of the reign of Henry III., and 5000 Essex men joined the See also:peasant rising of 1381. During the See also:Wars of the See also:Roses the Lancastrian cause was supported by the dt Veres, while the Bourchiers and See also:Lord Fitz-See also:Walter were among the Yorkist leaders. Several Essex men were concerned in the See also:Gunpowder See also:Plot, and in the Civil War of the 17th century the county rendered valuable aid to the See also:parliament.
After the See also:Conquest no Englishman retained estates in Essex of any importance, and the chief See also:lay barons at the time of the Survey were See also:Geoffrey de See also:Mandeville and See also:Aubrey de \'ere. The de Veres, earls of Oxford, were continuously connected with the county until the extinction of the See also:title two centuries ago. Pleshey was the stronghold of the Mandevilles, and, although the See also:house became See also:extinct in 1189, its descendants in the See also:female line retained the title of earls of Essex. The Honour of See also:Hatfield Peverel held by Ranulf Peverel after the Conquest escheated to the See also:crown in the reign of Henry I., and in the same reign the fief of See also:Robert Gernon passed to the house of Mountfichet.
Essex has always been mainly an agricultural county, and the See also:ordinary agricultural pursuits were carried on at the time of the Domesday Survey, which also mentions See also:salt-making, See also:wine-making, See also:bee-culture and See also:cheese-making, while the oyster See also:fisheries have been famous from the earliest historic times. The woollen See also:industry See also:dates back to Saxon times, and for many centuries ranked as the most important industry. See also:Cloth-See also:weaving was introduced in the 14th century, and in the 16th century Colchester was noted for its " bays and says." Colchester also possessed a valuable See also:leather industry in the 16th century, at which See also:period Essex was considered an exceptionally wealthy and prosperous county; See also:Norden, See also:writing in 1594, describes it as " moste fatt, frutefull, and full of all profitable things." The decline of the cloth industry in the 17th century caused great See also:distress, but a number of smaller industries began to take its See also:place. Saffron-culture and silk-weaving were extensively carried on in the 17th century, and. the 18th century saw the introduction of the See also:straw-See also:plait industry, potash-making, See also:calico-See also:printing, malting and See also:brewing, and the manufacture of See also:Roman cement.
The county returned four members to parliament in 1290. From 1295 it returned two members for the county and two for Colchester. Maldon acquired See also:representation in 1331 and Harwich in 1604. Under the Reform See also:Act of 1832 the county returned four members in four divisions. Under the Representation of the See also:People Act of 1868 Maldon and Harwich each lost one member, and the county returned six members in three divisions.
Antiquities.—It is supposed by many antiquaries that Saxon See also:masonry can be detected in the See also:foundations of several of the Essex churches, but, with the exception of Ashingdon See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church See also:tower, believed to have been erected by Canute after his victory over See also:Edmund Ironside, there is no obviously recognizable building belonging to that period. This is probably to be in part ascribed to the fact that the comparative scarcity of See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone and the unusual abundance of See also:timber led to the extensive employment of the latter material. Several of the Essex churches, as See also:Blackmore, Mountnessing, Margaretting, and South Benfleet, have massive porches and towers of timber; and St See also:Andrew's church, See also:Green-See also:stead, with its walls of solid oak, continues an almost unique example of its See also:kind. Of the four See also:round churches in England one is in Essex at Little Maplestead; it is both the smallest and the latest. The churches of South See also:Weald, See also:Hadleigh, Blackmore, Heybridge and Hadstock may be mentioned as containing See also:Norman See also:work; with the church of Castle Hedingham for its See also:fine Transitional work; Southchurch, See also:Danbury and Boreham as being partly See also:Early See also:English; Ingatestone, Stebbing and Tilty for specimens of Decorated See also:architecture; and Messing, Thaxted, Saffron Walden, and the church of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter ad Vincula at the small town of Coggeshall, near Colchester, as specimens of Perpendicular. Stained See also:glass windows have See also:left their traces in several of the churches, the finest remains being those of Margaretting, which represent a tree of See also:Jesse and the See also:daisy or See also:herb See also:Margaret. Paintings have evidently been largely used for See also:internal decoration: a remarkable See also:series, probably of the 12th century, but much restored in the 14th, exists in the See also:chancel of Copford church; and in the church at Ingatestone there was discovered in 1868 an almost unique See also:fresco representation of the seven deadly sins. The See also:oldest See also:brasses preserved in the county are those of See also:Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Fitz-See also:Ralph at Pebmarsh, about 1323; See also:Richard of Beltown, at Corringham, 1340; Sir See also:John See also:Gifford, at Bowers
Gifford, 1348; Ralph de Kneyton, at Aveley, 1370; Robert de Swynbourne, at Little Horkesley, 1391; and Sir Ingelram de Bruyn, at South Ockendon, 1400. The See also:brass of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Heron, aged 14, at Little Ilford, though dating only from 1517, is of See also:interest as a picture of a schoolboy of the period. Ancient wooden See also:effigies are preserved at Danbury, Little Leighs and Little Horkesley.
Essex was See also:rich in monastic foundations, though the greater number have left but meagre ruins behind. The See also:Benedictines had an abbey at Saffron Walden, nunneries at Barking and Wickes, and priories at See also:Earl's or See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
Monk's Colne and Castle Hedingham; the Augustinian canons had an abbey at Waltham (see WALTHAM ABBEY; the portion remaining shows Norman work of the finest See also:character), priories at Thoby, Blackmore, Bicknacre, Little Leighs, Little Dunmow and St Osyth (see BRIGHTLINGSEA); there were Cistercian abbeys at Coggeshall, Stratford and Tilty; the Cluniac monks were settled at Prittiewell, the See also:Premonstratensians at Beleigh Abbey, and the Knights Hospitallers at Little Maplestead. Barking Abbey is said to date its first origin from the 7th century; most of the others arose in the 12th and 13th centuries. Besides the keep at Colchester there is a fine Norman castle at Castle Hedingham, and, two dilapidated round towers still stand at Hadleigh near Southend. Ongar, the house of the de Lacys, and Pleshey, the seat of the earls of Essex, have left only mounds. Havering-atte-Bower, the See also:palace that was occupied by many queens, is replaced by a See also:modern house; Wickham, the See also:mansion of the bishops of London, no longer stands. New See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, which was successively occupied by Henry VIII., Elizabeth, the earl of Essex, See also:George See also:Villiers, See also:duke of See also:- BUCKINGHAM
- BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
- BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
- BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
- BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
- BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)
Buckingham, and See also:Cromwell, is now a nunnery of the order of the Holy See also:Sepulchre. See also:Audley End, the mansion of Lord Braybrooke, is a See also:noble example of the domestic architecture of the Jacobean period; Layer Marney is an interesting See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of the See also:Italian influences that were at work in the time of See also:Wolsey. Horeham Hall was built by Sir John Cutt in the reign of Henry VII., and Gosfield Hall is of about the same date.
See Norden, Speculi Britanniae Pars: an Hist. and Geogr. Descrip. of the County of Essex (1594) (edited for the See also:Camden Society by Sir Henry See also:Ellis, 1840, from the See also:original MS. in the See also:Marquis of See also:Salisbury's library at Hatfield) ; See also:Nicholas See also:Tindal, Hist. of Essex (1720) ; N. See also:Salmon, The Hist. and Antiq. of Essex (London, 1740)—based on the collections of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Strangman of Hadleigh (v. Trans. of Essex Arch. ' See also:Soc. vol. ii.) ; P. Morant, Hist. and Antiq. of the County of Essex (London, 1768) ; P. Muilman, New and See also:Complete Hist. of Essex from a See also:late Survey, by a See also:Gentleman (Chelmsford, 6 vols., 1770-1i72, London, 1779) ; Elizabeth Ogbourne, Hist. of Essex (London, part i., 1814); Excursions through Essex, illustrated with one hundred engravings (2 vols., London, 1818) ; T. See also:Wright, Hist. and See also:Topography of Essex (1831); W. See also:Berry, Pedigrees of Families in Essex (1841); A. Suckling, Memorials of the Antiquities, &c., of the County of Essex (London, 1845); W. See also:Andrews (ed.), Bygone Essex (London, 1892); J. T. See also:Page (ed.), Essex in the Days of Old (London, 1898); Victoria County History, Essex; Transactions of the Essex Arch. Soc. from 1858. An See also:account of various MS. collections connected with the county is given by H. W. King in vol. ii. of the Transactions (1863).
End of Article: ESSEX
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