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See also:BRASSES, MONUMENTAL , a See also:species of engraved sepulchral memorials which in the See also:early See also:part of the 13th See also:century began to take the See also:place of tombs and See also:effigies carved in See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone. Made of hard See also:latten or See also:sheet See also:brass, let into the See also:pavement, and thus forming no obstruction in the space required for the services of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, they speedily came into See also:general use, and continued to be a favourite See also:style of sepulchral memorial for three centuries. Besides their See also:great value as See also:historical monuments, they are interesting as See also:authentic contemporary See also:evidence of the varieties of See also:armour and See also:costume, or the peculiarities of See also:palaeography and heraldic designs, and they are often the only authoritative records of the intricate details of See also:family See also:history. Although the See also:intrinsic value of the See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal has unfortunately contributed to the wholesale spoliation of these interesting monuments, they are still found in remarkable profusion in See also:England, and they were at one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time equally See also:common in See also:France, See also:Germany and the See also:Low Countries. In France, however, those that survived the troubles of the 16th century were totally swept away during the reign of terror, and almost the only evidence of their existence is now supplied by the collection of drawings bequeathed by See also:Gough to the Bodleian library. The See also:fine memorials of the royal See also:house of See also:Saxony in the cathedrals of See also:Meissen and See also:Freiberg are the most See also:artistic and striking brasses in Germany. Among the 13th-century examples existing in See also:German churches are the full-length memorials of Yso von Welpe, See also:bishop of See also:Verden (1231), and of See also:Bernard, bishop of See also:Paderborn (1340). Many fine Flemish specimens exist in See also:Belgium, especially at See also:Bruges. Only two or three examples, and these of See also:late date, are known in See also:Scotland, among which are the memorials of See also:Alexander See also:Cockburn (1564) at Ormiston; of the See also:regent See also:- MURRAY
- MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
- MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
- MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
- MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
- MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
- MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
- MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
- MURRAY, JOHN
- MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
- MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
- MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
- MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
- MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )
Murray (1569) in the collegiate church of St See also:Giles, See also:Edinburgh; and of the See also:Minto family (16o5) in the See also:south See also:aisle of the See also:nave of See also:Glasgow See also:cathedral. England is the only See also:country which now possesses an extensive See also:series of these interesting memorials, of which it is calculated that there may be about 4000 still remaining in the various churches. They are most abundant in the eastern counties, and this fact has been frequently adduced in support of the See also:opinion that they were of Flemish manufacture. But in the days when sepulchral brasses were most in See also:fashion the eastern counties of England were full of commercial activity and See also:wealth, and nowhere do the en-graved memorials of civilians and prosperous merchants more abound than in the churches of See also:Ipswich, See also:Norwich, See also:Lynn and See also:Lincoln.
Flemish brasses do occur in England, but they were never numerous, and they are readily distinguished from those of native workmanship. The Flemish examples have the figures engraved in the centre of a large See also:plate, the background filled in with diapered or See also:scroll See also:work, and the inscription placed See also:round the edge of the plate. The See also:English examples have the figures cut out to the outline and inserted in corresponding cavities in the slab, the darker See also:colour of the stone serving as a background. This is not an invariable distinction, however, as " figure-brasses " of Flemish origin are found both at Bruges and in England. But the See also:character of the See also:engraving is See also:constant, the Flemish work being more florid in See also:design, the lines shallower, and the broad lines cut with a See also:chisel-pointed See also:tool instead of the See also:lozenge-shaped burin. The brass of See also:Robert Hallum, bishop of See also:Salisbury, the See also:envoy of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry V. to the See also:council of See also:Constance, who died and was interred there in 1416, precisely resemblesthe brasses of England in the peculiarities which distinguish them from See also:continental specimens. Scarcely any of the brasses which now exist in England can be confidently referred to the first See also:half of the 13th century, though several undoubted examples of this See also:period are on See also:record. The full-sized brass of See also:Sir See also:John d'Aubernon at Stoke d'Abernon in See also:Surrey (c. 1277) has the decorations of the See also:shield filled in with a species of See also:enamel. Other examples of this occur, and the See also:probability, is, that, in most cases, the lines of the engraving were filled with colouring-See also:matter, though brass would scarcely See also:bear the See also:heat requisite to fuse the See also:ordinary enamels. A well-known 13th-century example is that of Sir See also:Roger de Trumpington (c. 1290), who accompanied See also:Prince See also:Edward in his expedition to See also:Palestine and is represented See also:cross-legged.
About half a dozen instances of this peculiarity are known. The 14th-century brasses are much more numerous, and See also:present a remarkable variety in their details. The finest specimen is that of See also:Nicholas See also:Lord See also:Burnell (1315) in the church of See also:Acton Burnell, See also:Shropshire. In the 15th century the design and See also:execution of monumental brasses had attained their highest excellence. The beautiful brass of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Beauchamp, See also:earl of See also:Warwick (d. 1401), and his wife See also:Margaret, which formerly covered the See also:tomb in St See also:Mary's church, Warwick, is a striking example. One of the best specimens of plate armour is that of Sir Robert Stantoun (1458) in See also:Castle Donnington church, See also:Leicestershire, and one of the finest existing brasses of ecclesiastics is that of See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
Abbot de la See also:Mare of St Albans. It is only in the 16th century that the engraved representations become portraits. Previous to that period the features were invariably represented See also:convention-ally, though sometimes See also:personal peculiarities were given. A large number of brasses in England are palimpsests, the back of an See also:ancient brass having been engraved for the more See also:recent memorial. Thus a brass commemorative of Margaret Buistrode (1540) at Hedgerley, on being removed from its position, was discovered to have been previously the memorial of Thomas Totyngton, abbot of St See also:Edmunds, See also:Bury (1312). The See also:abbey was only surrendered to Henry VIII. in 1539, so that before the See also:year was out the work of spoliation had begun, and the abbot's brass had been removed and re-engraved to Margaret Buistrode.
In explanation of the frequency with which ancient brasses have thus been stolen and re-erected after being engraved on the See also:reverse, as at See also:Berkhampstead, it may be remarked that all the sheet brass used in England previous to the See also:establishment of a manufactory at See also:Esher by a German in 1649, had to be imported from the See also:continent.
End of Article: BRASSES, MONUMENTAL
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