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GLASGOW

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 86 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GLASGOW , a See also:

city, See also:county of a city, royal See also:burgh and See also:port of See also:Lanarkshire, See also:Scotland, situated on both See also:banks of the See also:Clyde, 4o1z M. N.W. of See also:London by the See also:West See also:Coast railway route, and 47 M. W.S.W. of See also:Edinburgh by the See also:North See also:British railway. The valley of the Clyde is closely confined by hills, and the city extends far over these, the irregularity of its site making for picturesqueness. The commercial centre of Glasgow, with the See also:majority of important public buildings, lies on the north See also:bank of the See also:river, which traverses the city from W.S.W. to E.N.E., and is crossed by a number of See also:bridges. The uppermost is Dalmarnock See also:Bridge, dating from 1891, and next below it is Rutherglen Bridge, rebuilt in 1896, and superseding a structure of 1775. St See also:Andrew's suspension bridge gives See also:access to the See also:Green to the inhabitants of Hutchesontown, a See also:district which is approached also by See also:Albert Bridge, a handsome erection, leading from the Saltmarket. Above this bridge is the tidal See also:dam and See also:weir. See also:Victoria Bridge, of See also:granite, was opened in 1856, taking the See also:place of the See also:venerable bridge erected by See also:Bishop See also:Rae in 1345, which was demolished in 1847. Then follows a suspension bridge (dating from 1853) by which See also:foot-passengers from the See also:south See also:side. obtain access to St See also:Enoch Square and, finally, the most important bridge of all is reached, variously known as Glasgow, See also:Jamaica See also:Street, or Broomielaw Bridge, built of granite from See also:Telford's designs and first used in 1835. Towards the See also:close of the See also:century it was reconstructed, and reopened in 1899. At the busier periods of the See also:day it bears a very heavy See also:traffic.

The stream is spanned between Victoria and Albert Bridges by a bridge belonging to the Glasgow & South-Western railway and by two GLASGOW bridges carrying the lines of the Caledonian railway, one below Dalmarnock Bridge and the other a massive See also:

work immediately west of Glasgow Bridge. Buildings.—See also:George Square, in the See also:heart of the city, is an open space of which every possible See also:advantage has been taken. On its eastern side stand the municipal buildings, a palatial See also:pile in Venetian See also:renaissance See also:style, from the designs of See also:William See also:Young, a native of See also:Paisley. They were opened in 1889 and cost nearly £600,000. They See also:form a square See also:block four storeys high and carry a domed See also:turret at each end of the western See also:facade, from the centre of which rises a massive See also:tower. The entrance See also:hall and See also:grand See also:staircase, the See also:council chamber, banqueting hall and reception rooms are decorated in a grandiose style, not unbecoming to the commercial and See also:industrial See also:metropolis of Scotland. Several additional blocks have been built or rented for the See also:accommodation of the municipal See also:staff. Admirably equipped sanitary See also:chambers were opened in 1897, including a bacteriological and chemical laboratory. Up till 1810 the See also:town council met in a hall adjoining the old tolbooth. It then moved to the See also:fine classical structure at the foot of the Saltmarket, which is now used as See also:court-houses. This was vacated in. 1842 for the county buildings in See also:Wilson Street.

Growth of business compelled another See also:

migration to See also:Ingram Street in 1875, and, fourteen years later, it occupied its See also:present quarters. On the See also:southern side of George Square the See also:chief structure is the massive See also:General See also:Post See also:Office. On the western side stand two ornate See also:Italian buildings, the Bank of Scotland and the Merchants' See also:House, the See also:head of which (the See also:dean of gild), along with the head of the Trades' House (the See also:deacon-convener of trades) has been de facto member of the town council since 1711, an arrangement devised with a view to adjusting the frequent disputes between the two See also:gilds. The Royal See also:Exchange, a Corinthian See also:building with a fine See also:portico of columns in two rows, is an admired example of the work of See also:David See also:Hamilton (1768-1843), a native of Glasgow, who designed several of the public buildings and churches, and gained the second See also:prize for a See also:design for the Houses of See also:Parliament. The See also:news-See also:room of the exchange is a vast apartment, 130 ft. See also:long, 6o ft. wide, 130 ft. high, with a richly-decorated roof supported by Corinthian pillars. See also:Buchanan Street, the most important and handsome street in the city, contains the Stock Exchange, the Western See also:Club House (by David Hamilton) and the offices of the Glasgow See also:Herald. In Sauchiehall Street are the Fine See also:Art See also:Institute and the former See also:Corporation Art See also:Gallery. See also:Argyll Street, the busiest thoroughfare, mainly occupied with shops, leads to Trongate, where a few remains of the old town are now carefully preserved. On the south side of the street, spanning the See also:pavement, stands the Tron See also:Steeple, a stunted See also:spire dating from 1637. It is all that is See also:left of St See also:Mary's See also:church, which was burned down in 1793 during the See also:revels of a notorious See also:body known as the See also:Hell See also:Fire Club. On the opposite side, at the corner of High Street, stood the See also:ancient tolbooth, or See also:prison, a turreted building, five storeys high, with a fine Jacobean See also:crown tower. The only remnant of the structure is the tower known as the See also:Cross Steeple.

Although almost all the old public buildings of Glasgow have been swept away, the See also:

cathedral remains in excellent preservation. It stands in the north-eastern See also:quarter of the city at a height of 104 ft. above the level of the Clyde. It is a Mungo's beautiful example of See also:Early See also:English work, impressive Cathedral. in its simplicity. Its form is that of a Latin cross, with imperfect transepts. Its length from See also:east to west is 319 ft., and its width 63 ft.; the height of the See also:choir is 93 ft., and of the See also:nave 85 ft. At the centre rises a fine tower, with a See also:short octagonal spire, 225 ft. high. The choir, locally known as the High Church, serves as one of the city churches, and the extreme east end of it forms the See also:Lady See also:chapel. The See also:rich western See also:doorway is See also:French in design but English in details. The See also:chapter-house projects from the north-eastern corner and somewhat See also:mars the See also:harmony of the effect. It was built in the 15th century and has a groined roof supported by a See also:pillar 20 ft. high. Many citizens have contributed towards filling the windows with stained See also:glass, executed at See also:Munich, true See also:government providing the eastern ;tlorm.tlos emL,.y.J trom.L. ON lurey. by permiel.n .t lb.

Copwll./ N fl. N.8.e.iwerg pffier. GLASGOW and Environs English See also:

Miles o 2 t. Buchanan Street Station t;. St.Mungo's Catnedral a. See also:Queen Street Station ts. Onnarsity Central Station 1f. See also:Anderson Coiltyc Y St.Enpch Station - f4 Royal Botanic Cardene S. Bridge Street Station 1T. Thectre Rog.' 6. See also:Bridgeton Cross Station 1B Oaimcrroch Bridge 7. George Square 1e.

Ruthergien Bridge B. Municipal Buildings - us. SL See also:

Andrews Bridge 9. Post Office _ t. Aibert Bridge o. Royal facnangs ' an. Victoria Bridge 11. Stock &See also:change s;. Suspension' Bridge 12. Ton Steeple se. Clasgou Bridge Ernety Wnlltet sc. window in recognition of their enterprise.

The See also:

crypt beneath the choir is not the least remarkable See also:part of the edifice, being without equal.in Scotland. It is See also:borne on 65 pillars and lighted by 41 windows. The See also:sculpture of the capitals of the columns and bosses of the groined vaulting is exquisite and the whole is in excellent preservation. Strictly speaking, it is not a crypt, but a See also:lower church adapted to the sloping ground of the right bank of the Molendinar See also:burn. The dripping See also:aisle is so named from the See also:constant dropping of See also:water from the roof. St Mungo's Well in the south-eastern corner was considered to possess therapeutic virtues, and in the crypt a recumbent effigy, headless and handless, is faithfully accepted as the See also:tomb of See also:Kentigern. The cathedral contains few monuments of exceptional merit, but the surrounding graveyard is almost completely paved with tombstones. In 1115 an investigation was ordered by David, See also:prince of Cumbria, into the lands and churches belonging to the bishopric, and from the See also:deed then See also:drawn up it is clear that at that date a cathedral had already been endowed. When David ascended the See also:throne in 1124 he gave to the see of Glasgow the lands of See also:Partick, besides restoring many possessions of which it had been deprived. Jocelin (d. 1199), made bishop in 1174, was the first See also:great bishop, and is memorable for his efforts to replace the cathedral built in 1136 by Bishop See also:John Achaius, which had been destroyed by fire. The crypt is his work, and he began the choir; Lady chapel, and central tower.

The new structure was sufficiently advanced to be dedicated in 1197. Other famous bishops were See also:

Robert See also:Wishart (d. 1316), appointed in 1272, who was among the first to join in the revolt of See also:Wallace, and received Robert See also:Bruce when he See also:lay under the See also:ban of the church for the See also:murder of See also:Comyn; John See also:Cameron (d. 1446), appointed in 1428, under whom the building as it stands was completed; and William Turnbull (d. 1454), appointed in 1447, who founded the university in 1450. See also:James See also:Beaton or See also:Bethune (1517–1603) was the last See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:archbishop. He fled to See also:France at the See also:reformation in 156o, and took with him the treasures and records of the see, including the Red See also:Book of Glasgow dating from the reign of Robert III. The documents were deposited in the Scots See also:College in See also:Paris, were sent at the outbreak of the Revolution for safety to St Omer, and were never recovered. This loss explains the paucity of the earlier See also:annals of the city. The zeal of the Reformers led them to threaten to mutilate the cathedral, but the building was saved by the prompt See also:action of the craftsmen, who mustered in force and dispersed the fanatics. Excepting the cathedral, none of the Glasgow churches possesses See also:historical See also:interest; and, speaking generally, it is only the buildings that have been erected since the churches. beginning of the 19th century that have pronounced I architectural merit. This was due largely to the long survival i of the severe sentiment of the See also:Covenanters, who discouraged,• if they did not actually forbid, the raising of temples of beautiful design.

Representative examples of later work are found in the See also:

United See also:Free churches in See also:Vincent Street, in See also:Caledonia Road and at Queen's See also:Park, designed by See also:Alexander See also:Thomson (1817-1875), an architect of distinct originality; St George's church, in West George Street, a remarkable work by William See also:Stark, erected in the beginning of the 19th century; St Andrew's church in St Andrew's Square off the Saltmarket, modelled after St See also:Martin's-in-the-See also:Fields, London, with a fine Roman portico; some of the older See also:parish churches, such as St Enoch's, dating from 178o, with a See also:good spire (the See also:saint's name is said to be a corruption of Tanew, See also:mother of Kentigern); the episcopal church of St Mary (187o), in Great Western Road, by See also:Sir G. G. See also:Scott; the Roman Catholic cathedral of St Andrew, on the river-bank between Victoria . and Broomielaw bridges; the See also:Barony church, replacing the older See also:kirk in which See also:Norman See also:Macleod ministered; and several admirable structures, well situated, on the eastern confines of Kelvingrove Park. The See also:principal burying-ground is the See also:Necropolis, occupying See also:Fir Park, a See also:hill about 300 ft. high in the See also:northern part of the city. It provides a not inappropriate background to the cathedral, from which it is approached by a bridge, known as the " Bridge of Sighs," over the Molendinar See also:ravine. The ground, which once formed portion of the See also:estate of Wester Craigs, belongs to the Merchants' House, which See also:purchased it in 165o from Sir Ludovic See also:Stewart of See also:Minto. A Doric See also:column to the memory of See also:Knox, surmounted by a See also:colossal statue of the reformer, was erected by public subscription on the crown of the height in 1824, and a few years later the See also:idea arose of utilizing the See also:land as a See also:cemetery. The See also:Jews have reserved for their own See also:people a detached See also:area in the north-western corner of the cemetery. See also:Education.—The university, ' founded in 1450 by Bishop Turnbull under a See also:bull of See also:Pope See also:Nicholas V., survived in its old quarters till far in the 19th century. The paedagogium, or college of arts, was at first housed in Rottenrow, but was moved in 1460 to a site in High Street, where Sir James Hamilton of Cadzow, first See also:Lord Hamilton (d. 1479), gave it four acres of land and some buildings. Queen Mary bestowed upon it thirteen acres of contiguous ground, and her son granted it a new See also:charter and enlarged the endowments.

See also:

Prior to the Revolution its fortunes fluctuated, but in the 18th century it became very famous. By the See also:middle of the 19th century, however, its surroundings had deteriorated, and in 186o it was decided to rebuild it elsewhere. The ground had enormously increased in value and a railway See also:company purchased it for £See also:loo,000. In 1864 the university bought the See also:Gilmore Hill estate for £65,000, the adjacent See also:property of Dowan Hill for £16,000 and the property of Clayslaps for £17,400. Sir G. G. Scott was appointed architect and selected as the site of the university buildings the See also:ridge of Gilmore Hill—the finest situation in .Glasgow. The design is Early English with a See also:suggestion in parts of the Scots-French style of a much later See also:period. The See also:main structure is 540 ft. long and 300 ft. broad. The principal front faces southwards and consists of a lofty central tower with spire and corner blocks with turrets, between which are buildings of lower height. Behind the tower lies the See also:Bute hall, built on cloisters, binding together the various departments and smaller halls, and dividing the massive edifice into an eastern and western quadrangle, on two sides of which are ranged the class-rooms in two storeys. The northern facade comprises two corner blocks, besides the museum, the library and, in the centre, the students' See also:reading-room on one See also:floor and the Hunterian museum on the floor above.

On the south the ground falls in terraces towards Kelvingrove Park and the See also:

Kelvin. On the west, but apart from the main structure, stand, the houses of the principal and professors. The See also:foundation . See also:stone was laid in 1868 and the opening ceremony was held in 1870. The See also:total cost of the university buildings amounted to £500,000, towards which government contributed £120,000 and public subscription £250,000. The third See also:marquess of Bute (1847-1900) gave £40,000 to provide the Bute or See also:common hall, a room of fine proportions fitted in See also:Gothic style and divided by a beautiful Gothic See also:screen from the See also:Randolph hall, named after another benefactor, See also:Charles Randolph (1809-1878), a native of See also:Stirling, who had prospered as shipbuilder and marine engineer and left £6o,000 to the university. The graceful spire surmounting the tower was provided from the See also:bequest of £5000 by Mr A. See also:Cunningham, See also:deputy town-clerk, and Dr John M`Intyre erected the Students' See also:Union at a cost of £5000, while other donors completed the equipment so generously that the See also:senate was enabled to carry on its work, for the first See also:time in its See also:history, in almost ideal circumstances. The library includes the collection of Sir William Hamilton, and the Hunterian museum; bequeathed by William See also:Hunter, the anatomist, is particularly rich in coins, medals, See also:black-See also:letter books and anatomical preparations. The See also:observatory on Dowan Hill is attached to the See also:chair of See also:astronomy. An interesting See also:link with the past are the exhibitions founded by John See also:Snell (1629-1679), a native of Colmonell in See also:Ayrshire, for the purpose of enabling students of distinction to continue their career at Balliol College, See also:Oxford. Amongst distinguished exhibitioners have been See also:Adam See also:Smith, John See also:Gibson See also:Lockhart, John Wilson (" See also:Christopher North"), See also:Arch-bishop See also:Tait, Sir William Hamilton and See also:Professor See also:Shairp. The curriculum of the university, embraces the faculties of arts, divinity, See also:medicine, See also:law and See also:science.

The governing body includes the See also:

chancellor, elected for See also:life by the general council, the principal, also elected for life, and the lord See also:rector elected triennially by the students voting in " nations " according to their birthplace (Glottiana, natives of Lanarkshire; Transforthana, of Scotland north of the Forth; Rothseiana, of the shires of Bute, See also:Renfrew and See also:Ayr; and Loudonia, all others). There are a large number of well-endowed chairs and lectureships and the normal number of students exceeds 2000. The See also:universities of Glasgow and See also:Aberdeen unite to return one member to parliament. Queen See also:Margaret College for See also:women, established in 1883, occupies a handsome building close to the botanic gardens, has an endowment of upwards of £25,000, and was incorporated with the university in 1893. Muirhead College is another institution for women. Elementary instruction is supplied at numerous See also:board See also:schools. Higher, secondary and technical education is provided at several well-known institutions. There are two educational endowments boards which apply a See also:revenue of about sc11°°ls £io,000 a See also:year mainly to the foundation of bursaries. and Anderson College in George Street perpetuates the co. memory of its founder, John Anderson (1726–1796), professor of natural See also:philosophy in the university, who opened a class in physics for working men, which he conducted to the end of his life. By his will he provided for an institution for the instruction of artisans and others unable to attend the university. The college which bears his name began in 1796 with lectures on natural philosophy and See also:chemistry by See also:Thomas See also:Garnett (1766–1802). Two years later See also:mathematics and See also:geography were added. In 1799 Dr George See also:Birkbeck (1776–1841) succeeded Garnett and began those lectures on See also:mechanics and applied science which, continued elsewhere, ultimately led to the foundation of mechanics' institutes in many towns.

In later years the college was further endowed and its curriculum enlarged by. the inclusion of literature and See also:

languages, but ultimately it was determined to limit the See also:scope of its work to medicine (comprising, however, physics, chemistry and See also:botany also). The lectures of its medical school, incorporated in 1887 and situated near the Western Infirmary, are accepted by Glasgow and other universities. The Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, formed in 1886 out of a See also:combination of the arts side of Anderson College, the College of Science and Arts, See also:Allan Glen's Institution and the See also:Atkinson Institution, is subsidized by the corporation and the endowments board, and is especially concerned with students desirous of following an industrial career. St Mungo's College, which has See also:developed from an extra-mural school in connexion with the Royal Infirmary, was incorporated in 1889, with faculties of medicine and law. The United Free Church College, finely situated near Kelvingrove Park, the School of Art and Design, and the normal schools for the training of teachers, are institutions with distinctly specialized See also:objects. The High school in Elmbank is the successor of the See also:grammar school (long housed in John Street) which was founded in the 14th century as an See also:appanage of the cathedral. It was placed under the See also:jurisdiction of the school board in 1873. Other secondary schools include Glasgow See also:Academy, Kelvinside Academy and the girls' and boys' schools endowed by the See also:Hutcheson See also:trust. Several of the schools under the board are furnished with secondary departments or equipped as science schools, and the Roman Catholics maintain elementary schools and advanced See also:academies. Art Galleries; See also:Libraries and Museums.—Glasgow merchants and Glasgow. Uni- versity. equestrian figure of William III. in the Trongate, which was presented to the town in 1735 by James Macrae (1677–1744), a poor Ayrshire lad who had amassed a See also:fortune in See also:India, where he was See also:governor of See also:Madras from 1725 to 1730.

Recreations.—Of the theatres the chief are the See also:

King's in See also:Bath Street, the Royal and the Grand in Cowcaddens, the See also:Royalty and Gaiety in Sauchiehall Street, and the Princess's in Main Street. Variety theatres, headed by the See also:Empire in Sauchiehall Street, are found in various parts of the town. There is a See also:circus in See also:Waterloo Street, a See also:hippodrome in Sauchiehall Street and a zoological See also:garden in New City Road. The principal See also:concert halls are the great hall of the St Andrew's Halls, a See also:group of rooms belonging to the corporation; the City Hall in Candleriggs, the People's See also:Palace on the Green, and Queen's Rooms close to Kelvingrove Park. Throughout See also:winter enormous crowds throng the See also:football grounds of the Queen's Park, the leading See also:amateur club, and the See also:Celtic, the Rangers, the Third See also:Lanark and other prominent professional clubs. Parks and Open S5aces.—The See also:oldest open space is the Green (140 acres), on the right bank of the river, adjoining a densely-populated district. It once extended farther west, but a portion was built over at a time when public rights were not vigilantly guarded. It is a favourite area for popular demonstrations, and sections have been reserved for recreation or laid out in See also:flower-beds. Kelvingrove Park, in the west end, has exceptional advantages, for the Kelvin burn flows through it and the ground is naturally terraced, while the situation is beautified by the adjoining Gilmore Hill with the university on its See also:summit. The park was laid out under the direction of Sir See also:Joseph See also:Paxton, and contains the Stewart See also:fountain, erected to commemorate the labours of Lord See also:Provost Stewart and his colleagues in the promotion of the See also:Loch See also:Katrine water See also:scheme. The other parks on the right bank are, in the north, Ruchill (53 acres), acquired in 1891, and Springburn (534 acres), acquired in 1892, and, in the east, Alexandra Park (120 acres), in which is laid down a nine-hole See also:golf-course, and Tollcross (824 acres), beyond the municipal boundary, acquired in 1897. On the left bank Queen's Park (130 acres), occupying a commanding site, was laid out by Sir Joseph Paxton, and considerably enlarged in 1894 by the enclosure of the grounds of Camphill.

The other southern parks are See also:

Richmond (44 acres), acquired in 1898, and named after Lord Provost Sir David Richmond, who opened it in 1899; See also:Maxwell, which was taken over on the See also:annexation of Pollokshields in 1891; Bellahouston (176 acres), acquired in 1895; and Cathkin Braes (50 acres), 31m. beyond the south-eastern boundary, presented to the city in 1886 by James See also:Dick, a manufacturer, containing " Queen Mary's stone," a point which commands a view of the lower valley of the Clyde. In the north-western district of the town 40 acres between Great Western Road and the Kelvin are devoted to the Royal Botanic Gardens, which became public property in 1891. They are beautifully laid out, and contain a great range of hothouses. The gardens owed much to Sir William See also:Hooker, who was regius professor of botany in Glasgow University before his See also:appointment to the directorship of See also:Kew Gardens. Communications.—The North British railway See also:terminus is situated in Queen Street, and consists of a high-level station (main See also:line) and a See also:low-level station, used in connexion with the City & District line, largely underground, serving the northern side of the town, opened in 1886. The Great Northern and North-Eastern See also:railways use the high-level line of the N.B.R., the three companies forming the East Coast See also:Joint Service. The Central terminus of the Caledonian railway in See also:Gordon Street, served by the West Coast See also:system (in which the London & North-Western railway shares), also comprises a high-level station for the main line traffic and a low-level station for the See also:Cathcart District railway, completed in 1886 and made circular for the southern side and suburbs in 1894, and also for the connexion between Maryhill and Rutherglen, which is mostly under-ground. Both the underground lines communicate with certain branches of the main line, either directly or by change of See also:carriage. The older terminus of the Caledonian railway in Buchanan Street now takes the northern and eastern traffic. The terminus of the Glasgow & South-Western railway company in St Enoch Square serves the See also:country indicated in its See also:title, and also gives the Midland railway of See also:England access to the west coast and Glasgow. The Glasgow Subway—an underground See also:cable passenger line, 62 m. long, worked in two tunnels and passing below the Clyde twice—was opened in 1896. Since no more bridge-building will be sanctioned west of the railway bridge at the Broomielaw, there are at certain points See also:steam See also:ferry boats or floating bridges for conveying vehicles across the See also:harbour, and at Stobcross there is a subway for foot and wheeled traffic.

Steamers, carrying both goods and passengers, constantly leave the Broomielaw See also:

quay for the piers and ports on the river and See also:firth, and the islands and See also:sea lochs of See also:Argyllshire. The city is admirably served by tramways which penetrate every populous district and cross the river by Glasgow and Albert bridges. See also:Trade.—Natural causes, such as proximity to the richest See also:field of See also:coal and ironstone in Scotland and the vicinity of hill streams of pure water, See also:account for much of the great development of trade in Glasgow. It was in textiles that the city showed its earliest predominance, which, however, has not been maintained, owing, it is alleged, to the shortage of See also:female labour. Several See also:cotton See also:mills are still worked, but the leading feature in the trade has always been the manufacture manufacturers alike have been constant patrons of art, and their liberality may have had some See also:influence on the younger painters who, towards the close of the 19th century, See also:broke away from tradition and, stimulated by training in the studios of Paris, became known as the "Glasgow school." The art gallery and museum in Kelvin-See also:grove Park, which was built at a cost of £250,000 (partly derived from the profits of the exhibitions held in the park in 1888 and 1901), is exceptionally well appointed. The collection originated in 1854 in the See also:purchase of the See also:works of art belonging to See also:Archibald M'Lellan, and was supplemented from time to time by numerous bequests of important pictures. It was housed for many years in the Corporation galleries in Sauchiehall Street. The Institute of Fine Arts, in Sauchiehall Street, is mostly devoted to periodical exhibitions of See also:modern art. There are also pictures on See also:exhibition in the People's Palace on Glasgow Green, which was built by the corporation in 1898 and combines an art gallery and museum with a conservatory and winter garden, and in the museum at Camphill, situated within the See also:bounds of Queen's.Park. The library and Hunterian museum in the university are mostly reserved for the use of students. The See also:faculty of procurators possess a valuable library which is housed in their hall, an Italian Renaissance building, in West George Street. In Bath Street there are the Mechanics' and the Philosophical Society's libraries, and the Physicians' is in St Vincent Street.

See also:

Miller Street contains the headquarters of the public libraries. The premises once occupied by the water See also:commission have been converted to house the See also:Mitchell library, which See also:grew out of a bequest of £70,000 by See also:Stephen Mitchell, largely reinforced by further gifts of libraries and funds, and now contains upwards of See also:ioo,000 volumes. It is governed by the city council and has been in use since 1877. Another building in this street accommodates both the Stirling and See also:Baillie libraries. The Stirling, with some 50,000 volumes, is particularly rich in tracts of the 16th and 17th centuries, and the Baillie was endowed by George Baillie, a See also:solicitor who, in 1863, gave £18,000 for educational objects. The See also:Athenaeum in St George's Place, an institution largely concerned with evening classes in various subjects, contains an excellent library and reading-room. Charities.— The old Royal Infirmary, designed by Robert Adam and opened in 1794, adjoining the cathedral, occupies the site of the archiepiscopal palace, the last portion of which was removed towards the close of the 18th century. The chief architectural feature of the infirmary is the central See also:dome forming the roof of the operating See also:theatre. On the northern side are the buildings of the medical school attached to the institution. The new infirmary commemorates the See also:Diamond See also:Jubilee of Queen Victoria. A little farther north, in See also:Castle Street, is the See also:blind See also:asylum. The Western Infirmary is to some extent used for the purposes of clinical instruction in connexion with the university, to which it stands in immediate proximity.

Near it is the Royal See also:

hospital for sick See also:children. To the south of Queen's Park is Victoria Infirmary, and close to it the See also:deaf and dumb institution. On the bank of the river, not far from the south-eastern boundary of the city, is the See also:Belvedere hospital for infectious diseases, and at Ruchill, in the north, is another hospital of the same See also:character opened in 1900. The Royal asylum at Gartnavel is situated near ]ordanhill station, and the District asylum at Gartloch (with a See also:branch at West Muckroft) lies in the parish of Cadder beyond the north-eastern boundary. There are numerous hospitals exclusively devoted to the treatment of See also:special diseases, and several See also:nursing institutions and homes. Hutcheson's Hospital, designed by David Hamilton and adorned with statues of the founders, is situated in Ingram Street, and by the increase in the value of its lands has become a very wealthy body. George Hutcheson (1580–1639), a lawyer in the Trongate near the tolbooth, who afterwards lived in the Bishop's castle, which stood close to the spot where the Kelvin enters the Clyde, founded the hospital for poor old men. His See also:brother Thomas (1589–1641) established in connexion with it a school for the lodging and education of See also:orphan boys, the sons of burgesses. The trust, through the growth of its funds, has been enabled to extend its educational scope and to subsidize schools apart from the charity. Monuments.—Most of the statues have been erected in George Square. They are grouped around a fluted pillar 8o ft. high, surmounted by a colossal statue of Sir See also:Walter Scott by John See also:Ritchie (18o9-i85o), erected in 1837, and include Queen Victoria and the Prince See also:Consort (both equestrian) by See also:Baron See also:Marochetti; James See also:Watt by See also:Chantrey; Sir Robert See also:Peel, Thomas See also:Campbell the poet, who was See also:born in Glasgow, and David See also:Livingstone, all by John Mossman; Sir John See also:Moore, a native of Glasgow, by See also:Flaxman, erected in 1819; James See also:Oswald, the first member returned to parliament for the city after the Reform See also:Act of 1832; Lord Clyde (Sir See also:Colin Campbell), also a native, by See also:Foley, erected in 1868; Dr 'Thomas See also:Graham, See also:master of the See also:mint, another native, by See also:Brodie; Robert See also:Burns by , G. E.

See also:

Ewing, erected in 1877, subscribed for in shillings by the working men of Scotland; and William See also:Ewart See also:Gladstone by Hamo See also:Thornycroft, unveiled by Lord See also:Rosebery in 1902. In front of the Royal Exchange stands the equestrian See also:monument of the See also:duke of See also:Wellington. In Cathedral Square are the statues of Norman Macleod, James See also:White and James See also:Arthur, and in front of the Royal infirmary is that of Sir James See also:Lumsden, lord provost and benefactor. See also:Nelson is commemorated by an See also:obelisk 143 ft. high on the Green, which was erected in 18o6 and is said to be a copy of that in the Piazza del Popolo at See also:Rome. One of the most See also:familiar statues is the of such See also:light textures as See also:plain, striped and figured muslins, ginghams shortened and low See also:rubble walls carried from point to point of the and See also:fancy fabrics. See also:Thread is made on a considerable See also:scale, but jute and See also:silk are of comparatively little importance. The principal varieties of carpets are See also:woven. Some factories are exclusively devoted to the making of See also:lace curtains. The allied See also:industries of See also:bleaching, See also:printing and See also:dyeing, on the other See also:hand, have never declined. The use of See also:chlorine in bleaching was first introduced in Great See also:Britain at Glasgow in 1787, on the suggestion of James Watt, whose See also:father-in-law was a bleacher; and it was a Glasgow bleacher, Charles See also:Tennant, who first discovered and made bleaching See also:powder (chloride of See also:lime). See also:Turkey-red dyeing was begun at Glasgow by David See also:Dale and George NI`Intosh, and the See also:colour was long known locally as Dale's red. A large quantity of See also:grey See also:cloth continues to be sent from See also:Lancashire and other mills to be bleached and printed in Scottish works.

These industries gave a powerful impetus to the manufacture of chemicals, and the works at St Rollox developed rapidly. Among prominent chemical industries are to be reckoned the See also:

alkali trades—including soda, bleaching powder and soapmaking—the preparation of See also:alum and prussiates of potash, bichromate of potash, white See also:lead and other See also:pigments, See also:dynamite and See also:gun-powder. Glass-making and See also:paper-making are also carried on, and there are several breweries and distilleries, besides factories for the making of aerated See also:waters, See also:starch, See also:dextrine and matches. Many See also:miscellaneous trades flourish, such as clothing, See also:confectionery, See also:cabinet-making, See also:bread and See also:biscuit making, See also:boot and See also:shoe making, See also:flour mills and saw mills, pottery and indiarubber. Since the days of the See also:brothers Robert See also:Foulis (1705–1776) and Andrew Foulis (1712-1775), printing, both letterpress and colour, has been identified with Glasgow, though in a lesser degree than with Edinburgh. The See also:tobacco trade still flourishes, though much lessened. But the great See also:industry is See also:iron-See also:founding. The See also:discovery of the value of blackband ironstone, till then regarded as useless " See also:wild coal," by David Mushet (1772–1847), and See also:Neilson's invention of the hot-See also:air blast threw the See also:control of the Scottish iron trade into the hands of Glasgow ironmasters, although the furnaces themselves were mostly erected in Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. The expansion of the industry was such that, in 1859, one-third of the total output in the United See also:Kingdom was Scottish. During the following years, however, the trade seemed to have lost its See also:elasticity, the See also:annual See also:production averaging about one million tons of See also:pig-iron. Mild See also:steel is manufactured extensively, and some crucible See also:cast steel is made. In addition to See also:brass foundries there are works for the extraction of See also:copper and the smelting of lead and See also:zinc.

With such resources every branch of See also:

engineering is well represented. See also:Locomotive engines are built for every country where railways are employed, and all kinds of builder's ironwork is forged in enormous quantities, and the sewing-See also:machine factories in the neighbourhood are important. See also:Boiler-making and marine See also:engine works, in many cases in See also:direct connexion with the See also:shipbuilding yards, are numerous. Shipbuilding, indeed, is the greatest of the industries of Glasgow, and in some years more than See also:half of the total See also:tonnage in the United Kingdom has been launched on the Clyde, the yards of which extend from the harbour to See also:Dumbarton on one side and See also:Greenock on the other side of the river and firth. Excepting a trifling proportion of wooden See also:ships, the Clyde-built vessels are of iron and steel, the trade having owed its immense expansion to the prompt See also:adoption of this material. Every variety of See also:craft is turned out, from battleships and great liners to dredging-plant and hopper See also:barges. The Port.—The harbour extends from Glasgow Bridge to the point where the Kelvin joins the Clyde, and occupies 206 acres. For the most part it is lined by quays and wharves, which have a total length of 84 m., and from the harbour to the sea vessels See also:drawing 26 ft. can go up or down on one See also:tide. It is curious to remember that in the middle of the 18th century the river was fordable on foot at Dumbuck, 12 M. below Glasgow and i2 m. S.E. of Dumbarton. Even within the limits of the present harbour See also:Smeaton reported to the town council in 1740 that at Pointhouse See also:ford, just east of the mouth of the Kelvin, the See also:depth at low water was only 15 in. and at high water 39 in. The transformation effected within a century and a half is due to the See also:energy and enterprise of the Clyde See also:Navigation Trust.

The earliest See also:

shipping-port of Glasgow was See also:Irvine in Ayrshire, but lighterage was tedious and land carriage costly, and in 1658 the civic authorities endeavoured to purchase a site for a spacious harbour at Dumbarton. Being thwarted by the magistrates of that burgh, however, in 1662 they secured 13 acres on the southern bank at a spot some 2 M. above Greenock, which became known as Port Glasgow, where they built harbours and constructed the first graving See also:dock in Scotland. Sixteen years later the Broomielaw quay was built, but it was not until the tobacco merchants appreciated the See also:necessity of bringing their wares into the heart of the city that serious See also:consideration was paid to schemes for deepening the water-way. Smeaton's suggestion of a See also:lock and dam 4 M. below the Broomielaw was happily not accepted. In 1768 John Golborne advised the narrowing of the river and the increasing of the scour by the construction of rubble jetties and the dredging of sandbanks and shoals. After James Watt's See also:report in 1769 on the ford at Dumbuck, Golborne succeeded in 1775 in deepening the ford to 6 ft. at low water with a width of 300 ft. By See also:Rennie's See also:advice in 1799, following up Golborne's recommendation, as many as 200 jetties were built between Glasgow and See also:Bowling, some old ones were jetties, and thus the channel was made more See also:uniform and much land reclaimed. By 1836 there was a depth of 7 or 8 ft. at the Broomielaw at low water, and in 1840 the whole See also:duty of improving the navigation was devolved upon the Navigation Trust. Steam dredgers were kept constantly at work, shoals were removed and rocks blasted away. Two million cubic yards of See also:matter are lifted every year and dumped in Loch Long. By 1900 the channel had been deepened to a minimum of 22 ft., and, as already indicated, the largest vessels make the open sea in one tide, whereas in 184o it took ships drawing only 15 ft. two and even three tides to reach the sea. The See also:debt of the Trust amounts to £6,000,000, and the annual revenue to £450,000.

Long before these great results had been achieved, however, the shipping trade had been revolutionized by the application of steam to navigation, and later by the use of iron for See also:

wood in shipbuilding, in both respects enormously enhancing the industry and See also:commerce of Glasgow. From 1812 to 1820 See also:Henry See also:Bell's " See also:Comet," 30 tons, driven by an engine of 3 See also:horse-See also:power, plied between Glasgow and Greenock, until she was wrecked, being the first steamer to run regularly on any river in the Old See also:World. Thus since the See also:appearance of that See also:primitive See also:vessel phenomenal changes had taken place on the Clyde. When the quays and wharves ceased to be able to accommodate the growing traffic, the construction of docks became imperative. In 1867 See also:Kingston Dock on the south side, of 52 acres, was opened, but soon proved inadequate, and in 188o Queen's Dock (two basins) at Stobcross, on the north side, of 30 acres, was completed. Although this could accommodate one million tons of shipping, more dock space was speedily called for, and in 1897 Prince's Dock (three basins) on the opposite side, of 72 acres, was opened, fully equipped with See also:hydraulic and steam See also:cranes and all the other latest appliances. There are, besides, three graving docks, the longest of which (88o ft.) can be made at will into two docks of 417 ft. and 457 ft. in length. The Caledonian and Glasgow & South-Western railways have access to the harbour for goods and minerals at Terminus Quay to the west of Kingston Dock, and a See also:mineral dock has been constructed by the Trust at See also:Clydebank, about 32 M. below the harbour. The shipping attains to colossal proportions. The imports consist chiefly of flour, See also:fruit, See also:timber, iron ore, live stock and See also:wheat; and the exports principally of cotton manufactures, manufactured iron and steel, machinery, See also:whisky, cotton See also:yarn, See also:linen fabrics, coal, jute, jam and foods, and woollen manufactures. Government.—By the See also:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 the city was placed entirely in the county of Lanark, the districts then transferred having previously belonged to the shires of Dumbarton and Renfrew. In 1891 the boundaries were enlarged to include six suburban burghs and a number of suburban districts, the area being increased from 6111 acres to 11,861 acres.

The total area of the city and the conterminous burghs of See also:

Govan, Partick and Kinning Park—which, though they successfully resisted annexation in 1891, are practically part of the city—is 15,659 acres. The extreme length from north to south and from east to west is about 5 in. each way, and the circumference See also:measures 27 M. In 1893 the municipal burgh was constituted a county of a city. Glasgow is governed by a corporation consisting of 77 members, including 14 bailies and the lord provost. In 1895 all the See also:powers which the town council exercised as See also:police commissioners and trustees for parks, markets, water and the like were consolidated and conferred upon the corporation. Three years later the two parish See also:councils of the city and barony, which administered the poor law over the greater part of the city north of the Clyde, were amalgamated as the parish council of Glasgow, with 31 members. As a county of a city Glasgow has a lieutenancy (successive lords provost holding the office) and a court of quarter sessions, which is the See also:appeal court from the magistrates sitting as licensing authority. Under the corporation municipal ownership has reached a remarkable development, the corporation owning the supplies of water, See also:gas and electric power, tramways and municipal lodging-houses. The enterprise of the corporation has brought its work prominently into See also:notice, not only in the United Kingdom, but in the United States of See also:America and elsewhere. In 1859 water was conveyed by aqueducts and tunnels from Loch Katrine (364 ft. above sea-level, giving a pressure of 70 or 8o ft. above the highest point in the city) to the See also:reservoir at Mugdock (with a capacity of 500,000,000 gallons), a distance of 27 m., whence after filtration it was distributed by pipes to Glasgow, a further distance of 7 m., or 34 M. in all. During the next quarter of a century it became evident that this See also:supply would require to be augmented, and powers were accordingly obtained in 1895 to raise Loch Katrine 5 ft. and to connect with it by See also:tunnel Loch Arklet (455 ft. above the sea), with storage for 2,050,000,000 gallons, the two lochs together possessing a capacity of twelve thousand million gallons. The entire works between the loch and the city were duplicated over a distance of 232 in., and an additional reservoir, holding 694,000,000 gallons, was constructed, increasing the supply held in reserve from 122days' to 302 days'.

In 1909 the building of a dam was undertaken 11 in. west of the lower end of Loch Arklet, designed to create a See also:

sheet of water 22 in. long and to increase the water-supply of the city by ten million gallons a day. The water See also:committee supplies hydraulic power to manufacturers and merchants. In 1869 the corporation acquired the gasworks, the productive capacity of which exceeds 70 million cub. ft. a day. In 1893 the supply of electric light was also undertaken, and since that date the city has been partly lighted by See also:electricity. The corporation also laid down the tramways, which were leased by a company for twenty-three years at a rental of £150 a mile per annum. When the See also:lease expired in 1894 the town council took over the working of the cars, substituting overhead electric See also:traction for horse-power. One of the most difficult problems that the corporation has had to See also:deal with was the See also:housing of the poor. By the See also:lapse of time and the congestion of See also:population, certain quarters of the city, in old Glasgow especially, had become slums and rookeries of the worst description. The See also:condition of the town was rapidly growing into a byword, when the See also:municipality obtained See also:parliamentary powers in 1866 enabling it to condemn for purchase over-crowded districts, to See also:borrow See also:money and See also:levy rates. The scheme of reform contemplated the demolition of 10,000 insanitary dwellings occupied by 50,000 persons, but the corporation was required to provide accommodation for the dislodged whenever the See also:numbers exceeded 500. In point of fact they never needed to build, as private enterprise more than kept See also:pace with the operations of the improvement. The work was carried out promptly and effectually, and when the act expired in 1881 whole localities had been recreated and nearly 40,000 persons properly housed.

Under the amending act of 1881 the corporation began in 1888 to build See also:

tenement houses in which the poor could See also:rent one or more rooms at the most moderate rentals; lodging-houses for men and women followed, and in 1896 a See also:home was erected for the accommodation of families in certain circumstances. The powers of the improvement trustees were practically exhausted in 1896, when it appeared that during twenty-nine years £1,955,550 had been spent in buying and improving land and buildings, and £231,500 in building tenements and lodging-houses; while, on the other side, ground had been sold for £I,o72,000, and the trustees owned heritable property valued at £692,000, showing a deficiency of £423,050. See also:Assessment of ratepayers for the purposes of the trust had yielded £593,000, and it was estimated that these operations, beneficial to the city in a variety of ways, had cost the citizens £24,000 a year. In 1897 an act was obtained for dealing in similar See also:fashion with in-sanitary and congested areas in the centre of the city, and on the south side of the river, and for acquiring not more than 25 acres of land, within or without the city, for dwellings for the poorest classes. Along with these later improvements the drainage system was entirely remodelled, the area being divided into three sections, each distinct, with See also:separate works for the disposal of its own sewage. One See also:section (authorized in 1891 and doubled in 1901) comprises 11 sq. m.—one-half within the city north of the river, and the other in the district in Lanarkshire—with works at Dalmarnock; another section (authorized in 1896) includes the area on the north bank not provided for in 1891, as well as the burghs of Partick and Clyde-bank and intervening portions of the 'shires of Renfrew and Dumbarton, the total area consisting of 14 sq. m., with works at Dalmuir, 7 m. below Glasgow; and the third section (authorized in 1898) embraces the whole municipal area on the south side of the river, the burghs of Rutherglen, See also:Pollokshaws, Kinning Park and Govan, and certain districts in the counties of Renfrew and Lanark—14 sq. m. in all, which may be extended by the inclusion of the burghs of Renfrew and Paisley—with works at Braehead, 1 m. east of Renfrew. Among other works in which it has interests there may be mentioned its See also:representation on the board of the Clyde Navigation Trust and the governing body of the West of Scotland Technical College. In respect of parliamentary representation the Reform Act of 1832 gave two members to Glasgow, a third was added in 1868 (though each elector had only two votes), and in 1885 the city was split up into seven divisions, each returning one member. Population.—Throughout the 19th century the population grew prodigiously. Only 77,385 in 18oi, it was nearly doubled in twenty years, being 147,043 in 1821, already outstripping Edinburgh. It had become 395,503 in 1861, and in 1881 it was 511,415. In 1891, prior to See also:extension of the boundary, it was 565,839, and, after ex-tension, 658,198, and in 1901 it stood at 761,709.

The See also:

birth-See also:rate averages 33, and the See also:death-rate 21 per moo, but the mortality before the city improvement scheme was carried out was as high as 33 per See also:I000. Owing to its being convenient of access from the High-lands, a very considerable number of Gaelic-speaking persons live in Glasgow, while the great industries attract an enormous number of persons from other parts of Scotland. The valuation of the city, which in 1878–1879 was £3,420,697, now exceeds £5,000,000. History.—There are several theories as to the origin of the name of Glasgow. One holds that it comes from Gaelic words meaning " dark glen," descriptive of the narrow ravine through which the Molendinar flowed to the Clyde. But the more generally accepted version is that the word is the Celtic Cleschu, afterwards written Glesco or Glasghu, meaning " dear green spot " (See also:glas, green; cu or ghu, dear), which is supposed to have been the name of the See also:settlement that Kentigern found here when he came to convert the Britons of See also:Strathclyde. Mungo became the See also:patron-saint of Glasgow, and the See also:motto and armsof the city are wholly identified with him—" Let Glasgow Flourish by.the See also:Preaching of the Word," usually shortened to "Let Glasgow Flourish." It is not till the 12th century, however, that the history of the city becomes clear. About 1178 William the See also:Lion made the town by charter a burgh of barony, and gave it a See also:market with freedom and customs. Amongst more or less isolated episodes of which See also:record has been preserved may be mentioned the See also:battle of the Bell o' the Brae, on the site of High Street, in which Wallace routed the English under See also:Percy in 1300; the betrayal of Wallace to the English in 1305 in a See also:barn situated, according to tradition, in Robroyston, just beyond the north-eastern boundary of the city; the ravages of the See also:plague in 1350 and See also:thirty years later; the See also:regent See also:Arran's See also:siege, in 1544, of the bishop's castle, garrisoned by the See also:earl of See also:Glencairn, and the subsequent fight at the Butts (now the Gallowgate) when the terms of surrender were dishonoured, in which the regent's men gained the day. Most of the inhabitants were opposed to Queen Mary and many actively supported See also:Murray in the battle of Langside—the site of which is now occupied by the Queen's Park—on the 13th of May 1568, in which she lost crown and kingdom. A memorial of the conflict was erected on the site in 1887. Under James VI. the town became a royal burgh in 1636, with freedom of the river from the Broomielaw to the Cloch.

But the efforts to establish See also:

episcopacy aroused the fervent See also:anti-prelatical sentiment of the people, who made common cause with the Covenanters to the end of their long struggle. See also:Montrose mulcted the citizens heavily after the battle of See also:Kilsyth in 1645, and three years later the provost and bailies were deposed for See also:contumacy to their See also:sovereign lord. Plague and See also:famine devastated the town in 1649, and in 1652 a conflagration laid a third of the burgh in ashes. Even after the restoration its sufferings were acute. It was the headquarters of the Whiggamores of the west and its prisons were constantly filled with rebels for See also:conscience' See also:sake. The government scourged the townsfolk with an See also:army of Highlanders, whose brutality only served to strengthen the resistance at the battles of Drumclog and See also:Bothwell Brig. With the Union, hotly resented as it was at the time, the See also:dawn of almost unbroken prosperity arose. By the treaty of Union Scottish ports were placed, in respect of trade, on the same footing as English ports, and the situation of Glasgow enabled it to acquire a full See also:share of the ever-increasing See also:Atlantic trade. Its commerce was already considerable and in population it was now the second town in Scotland. It enjoyed a See also:practical See also:monopoly of the See also:sale of raw and refined sugars, had the right to distil See also:spirits from See also:molasses free of duty, dealt largely in cured See also:herring and See also:salmon, sent hides to English tanners and manufactured See also:soap and linen. It challenged the supremacy of See also:Bristol in the tobacco trade—fetching cargoes from See also:Virginia, See also:Maryland and Carolina in its own See also:fleet—so that by 1772 its importations of tobacco amounted to more than half of the whole quantity brought into the United Kingdom. The tobacco merchants built handsome mansions and the town rapidly extended west-wards.

With the surplus profits new industries were created, which helped the city through the period of the See also:

American See also:War. Most, though not all, of the manufactures in which Glasgow has always held a foremost place date from this period. It was in 1764 that James Watt succeeded in repairing a hitherto unworkable See also:model of See also:Newcomen's fire (steam) engine in his small workshop within the college precincts. Shipbuilding on a colossal scale and the enormous developments in the iron industries and engineering were practically the growth of the 19th century. The failure of the Western bank in 1857, the See also:Civil War in the United States, the collapse of the City of Glasgow bank in 1878, among other disasters, involved heavy losses and See also:distress, but recovery was always rapid. Glasgow and its Clubs (Glasgow, 1864) ; See also:Reid (" Senex "), Old Glasgow (Glasgow, 1864) ; A. Macgeorge, Old Glasgow (Glasgow, 1888) ; Deas, The River Clyde (Glasgow, 1881) ; See also:Gale, Loch Katrine Water-works (Glasgow, 1883); See also:Mason, Public and Private Libraries of Glasgow (Glasgow, 1885) ; J. See also:Nicol, Vital, Social and Economic See also:Statistics of Glasgow (1881) ; J.B.See also:Russell, Life in One Room (Glasgow, 1888); Ticketed Houses (Glasgow, 1889); T. See also:Somerville, George Square (Glasgow, 1891); J. A. See also:Kilpatrick, See also:Literary Landmarks of Glasgow (Glasgow, 1898); J. K.

M'Dowall, People's History of Glasgow (Glasgow, 1899) ; Sir J. Bell and J. See also:

Paton, Glasgow: Its Municipal Organization and See also:Administration (Glasgow, 1896) ; Sir D. Richmond, Notes on Municipal Work (Glasgow, 1899) ; J. M. See also:Lang, Glasgow and the Barony (Glasgow, 1895) ; Old Glasgow (Glasgow, 1896); J. H. See also:Muir, Glasgow in 1901.

End of Article: GLASGOW

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