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See also:BUCHANAN, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (1791-1868) , fifteenth See also:president of the See also:United States, was See also:born near Foltz, See also:Franklin See also:county, See also:Pennsylvania, on the 23rd of See also:April 1791. Both parents were of Scottish-Irish Presbyterian descent. He graduated at See also:Dickinson See also:College, See also:Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 18og, studied See also:law at See also:Lancaster in 18og-1812, and was admitted to the See also:bar in 1812. He served in the See also:lower See also:house of the See also:state legislature in 1814-1816, and as a representative in See also:Congress from 1821 to 1831. As chairman of the judiciary See also:committee he conducted the See also:impeachment trial (1830) of See also:Judge James H. See also:Peck, led an unsuccessful See also:movement to increase the number of Supreme See also:Court See also:judges and to relieve them of their See also:circuit duties, and succeeded in defeating an See also:attempt to See also:repeal the twenty-fifth See also:section of"the Judiciary See also:Act of 178g, which gave the Supreme Court appellate See also:jurisdiction by See also:writ of See also:error to the state courts in cases where federal See also:laws and See also:treaties are in question. After the See also:dissolution of the Federalist party, of which he had been a member, he supported the See also:Jackson-See also:Van Buren See also:faction, and soon came to be definitely associated with the Democrats. He represented the United States at the court of St See also:Petersburg in 1832-1833, and there negotiated an important commercial treaty.. He was a Democratic member of the United States See also:Senate from See also:December 1834 until See also:March 1845, ardently supporting President Jackson, and was secretary of state in the See also:cabinet of President See also:Polk from 1845 to 1849—a See also:period marked by the See also:annexation of See also:Texas, the Mexican See also:War, and negotiations with See also:Great See also:Britain relative to the See also:Oregon question. After four years of retirement spent in the practice of his profession, he was appointed by President See also:Pierce See also:minister to Great Britain in 1853.
Up to this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time Buchanan's attitude on the See also:slavery question had been that held by the conservative See also:element among See also:Northern Democrats. He See also:felt that the institution was morally wrong, but held that Congress could not interfere with it in the states in which it existed, and ought not to hinder the natural tendency toward territorial expansion through a fear that the evil would spread. He voted for the See also:bill to exclude See also:anti-slavery literature from the mails, approved of the annexation of Texas, the war with See also:Mexico, and the See also:Compromise of r85o, and disapproved of the See also:Wilmot Proviso. Fortunately for his career he was abroad during the See also:Kansas-See also:Nebraska debates, and hence did not See also:share in the unpopularity which attached to See also:Stephen A. See also:Douglas as the author of the bill, and to President Pierce as the executive who was called upon to enforce it. At the same time, by joining with J. Y. See also:- MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
- MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
- MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
- MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
- MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
- MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
- MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
- MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
- MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
- MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)
Mason and See also:Pierre Soule in issuing the See also:Ostend Manifesto in 1854, he retained the See also:good-will of the See also:South? See also:Accord-
' This " manifesto," which was bitterly attacked in the See also:North, was agreed upon (See also:October 18, 1854) by the three ministers after several meetings at Ostend and at See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, arranged in pursuance of instructions to them from President Pierce to " compare opinions, and to adopt See also:measures for perfect See also:concert of See also:action in aid of the negotiations at See also:Madrid " on the subject of reparations demanded from See also:Spain by the United States for alleged injuries to See also:American See also:commerce with See also:Cuba. In the manifesto the three ministers asserted that " from the peculiarity of its See also:geographical position, and the considerations attendant upon it, Cuba is as necessary to the North American See also:republic as any of its See also:present members "; spoke of the danger to the United States of an insurrection in Cuba; asserted that " we should be recreant to our See also:duty, be unworthyingly on his return from See also:England in 1856 he was nominated by the Democrats as a compromise See also:candidate for president, and was elected, receiving 174 electoral votes to 114 for See also:John C. See also:Fremont, Republican, and 8 for Millard See also:Fillmore, American or " Know-Nothing."
His high moral See also:character, the breadth of his legal knowledge, and his experience as congressman, cabinet member and diplomat, would have made Buchanan an excellent president in See also:ordinary times; but he lacked the soundness of See also:judgment, the self-reliance and the moral courage needed to See also:face a crisis. At the beginning of his See also:administration he appointed See also:Robert J. See also:- WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
- WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
- WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
- WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
- WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
- WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
- WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
- WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
- WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
- WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
- WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
- WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)
Walker of See also:Mississippi, territorial See also:governor of Kansas, and See also:Frederick P. See also:Stanton of See also:Tennessee, secretary, and assured them of his determination to adhere to the popular See also:sovereignty principle. He soon began to use his See also:influence, however, to force the See also:admission of Kansas into the See also:Union under the See also:pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution, contrary to the wishes of the See also:majority of the settlers. Stanton was removed from See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office for opposing the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme, and Walker resigned in disgust. This See also:change of policy was doubtless the result of timidity rather than of a See also:desire to secure re-See also:election by gaining the favour of the See also:Southern See also:Democracy. Under the influence of See also:Howell See also:Cobb of See also:Georgia, secretary of the See also:treasury, and See also:Jacob See also:Thompson of Mississippi, secretary of the interior, the president was convinced that it was the only way to avoid See also:civil war. Federal patronage was freely used to advance the Lecompton measure and the compromise See also:English Bill, and to prevent Douglas's election to the Senate in 1858. Some of these facts were brought out in the famous Covode Investigation conducted by a committee of the House of Representatives in 1860. The investigations, however, were very See also:partisan in character, and there is See also:reason to doubt the constitutional See also:power of the House to make it, except as the basis for an impeachment trial.
The See also:call issued by the South Carolina legislature just after the election of See also:Lincoln for a state See also:convention to decide upon the advisability of See also:secession brought forward the most serious question of Buchanan's administration. The See also:part of his See also:annual See also:message of the 4th of December 186o dealing with it is based upon a See also:report prepared by See also:Attorney-See also:General See also:Jeremiah S. See also:Black of Pennsylvania. He argued that a state had no legal right to secede, but denied that the federal See also:government had any power forcibly to prevent it. At the same time it was the duty of the president to call out the See also:army and See also:navy of the United States to protect federal See also:property or to enforce federal laws. Soon after the secession movement began the Southern members of the cabinet resigned, and the president gradually came under the influence of Black, Stanton, See also:Dix, and other Northern leaders. He continued, however, to See also:work for a peaceful See also:settlement, supporting the See also:Crittenden Compromise and the work of the See also:Peace Congress. He disapproved of See also:Major See also:- ANDERSON
- ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
- ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
- ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
- ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
- ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
- ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
- ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
- ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
- ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
- ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)
Anderson's removal of his troops from Fort See also:Moultrie to Fort See also:Sumter in December 186o; but there is probably no basis for the See also:charge made by Southern writers that the removal itself was in violation of a See also:pledge given by the president to preserve the status quo in See also:Charleston See also:harbour until the arrival of the South Carolina commissioners in See also:Washington. Equally unfounded is the assertion first made by See also:Thurlow See also:Weed in the See also:London Observer (9th of See also:February 1862) that the president was prevented from ordering Anderson back to Fort Moultrie only by the See also:threat of four members of the cabinet to resign.
of our gallant forefathers, and commit See also:base See also:treason against our posterity, should we permit Cuba to be Africanized and become a second Santo Domingo, with all its attendant horrors to the See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:race, and suffer the flames to extend to our own neighboring shores, seriously to endanger or actually destroy the See also:fair fabric of our Union "; and recommended that " the United States ought, if practicable, to See also:purchase Cuba as soon as possible." To Spain, they argued, the See also:sale of the; See also:island would be a great See also:advantage. The most startling See also:declaration of the manifesto was that if Spain should refuse to sell "after we shall have offered a See also:price for Cuba far beyond its present value," and if Cuba, in the See also:possession of Spain, should seriously endanger " our See also:internal peace and the existence of our cherished Union," then " by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain if we have the power."
On the expiration of his See also:term of office(March 4, 1861) Buchanan retired to his See also:home at Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died on the 1st of See also:June 1868. His mistakes as president have been so emphasized as to obscure the fact that he was a See also:man of unimpeachable honesty, of the highest patriotism, and of considerable ability. He never married.
See See also:George See also:Ticknor See also:Curtis, The See also:Life of James Buchanan (2 vols., New See also:York, 1883), the See also:standard See also:biography; Curtis, however, was a See also:close See also:personal and See also:political friend, and his work is too eulogistic. More trustworthy, but at times unduly severe, is the See also:account given by James See also:Ford See also:Rhodes in the first two volumes of his See also:History of the United States since the Compromise of 185o (New York, new edition, .1902—1907). John Bassett See also:Moore has edited The See also:Works of James Buchanan, comprising his Speeches, State Papers, and Private See also:Correspondence (See also:Philadelphia, 1908-1910).
End of Article: BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
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