ARMY ORGANIZATION 44• Arms of the Service.—Organization into " arms " is produced by the multiplicity of the weapons used, their functions and their limitations. The " three arms "—a See also:

• TERM

In more See also:

• MODERN

Further, it is entirely beyond the power of one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

In armies of the old regime it was not usual to assign troops of all arms to the subordinate See also:

• GENET

In general it is composed, so far as combatants 'are concerned, of the divisional See also:

• COMMANDER

The corps organization (though a corps d'armee was often spoken of as an armee) was used in See also:

• NAPOLEON

Even where the term " corps " does appear in See also:

• PENINSULAR

Thus limited, the army corps has now come to consist of the staff, two or more divisions, the corps or reserve artillery (of special batteries), a small force of " corps " cavalry, and various technical and departmental troops. The cavalry is never very numerous, owing to the demands of the independent cavalry divisions on the one hand and those of the divisional cavalry on the other. The engineers of an army corps include See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Army of six army corps and two cavalry divisions. The term " army " in this sense is therefore very elastic in its application, but it is generally held that large groups of corps operating in one theatre of war should be subdivided into armies, and that the strength of an army should not exceed about 15o,000 men, if indeed this figure is reached at all. This again depends upon circumstances. It might be advisable to See also:

• DIVIDE

Similarly, in 1864, General See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

This system may be condemned unreservedly. It is recognized that, once the armies on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

If he were no more than this, the sovereign could-act without his adviser being even aware of the action taken. As the staff is the machinery for the transmission of orders and See also:

• DES

The regulars or active troops are usually liable to serve at all times and in any See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

The simple system here outlined is of course modified and complicated in practice owing to re-engagements by non-commissioned officers, the speedy dismissal to the reserve of intelligent and educated men, &c. 54. War Reserves.—In war, the reserves increase the field armies to 400,000 men, the whole or part of the second line is called up and formed into auxiliary regiments, brigades and divisions, and in case of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

Later, when they have been for some timeunder arms, the second line troops are often employed by them-selves in first line. A See also:

• YEAR

Physically, the men with the colours are always superior to the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

A continental army of the French or German See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

This is, of course, a matter which primarily depends on good See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

It may be defined as a system whereby, for purposes of command in peace, recruiting, and of organization generally, the country is divided into districts, which are again divided and subdivided as may be required. In a country in which universal service prevails, an army corps district is divided into divisional districts, these being made up of brigade and of regimental districts. Each of these units recruits, and is in peace usually stationed, in its own See also:

• AREA

Small garrisons are not, as fullnerly, allowed to stagnate, since modern communications make supervision easy. Further, it must be borne in mind that the essence of the system is the organization and training for war of the whole military population. Now so great a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

The constitutional chief of the army is the sovereign, or, in republics, the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

Over and above these, provision has to be made for control of all the technical parts of administration, such as artillery and engineer services (in Great Britain, this, with a portion of the quartermaster-general's department, is under the. See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)