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FEUDALISM .)
See also:Side by side with these purely See also:official dukedoms, however, there had continued to exist, or had sprung up, either independently or in more or less of subjection to the See also:Frank rulers, See also:national dukedoms, such as those of the Alemanni, the Aquitanians, and, later, of the Bavarians and Thuringians. These were See also:developed from the See also:early See also:Teutonic See also:custom by which the herizog was elected by the nation as See also:leader for a particular See also:campaign, as in the See also:case of the heretogas who had led the first Saxon invaders into See also:Britain. See also:Tacitus says of the See also:ancient Germans reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute sumunt; i.e. they elected their See also:dukes for their warlike prowess only, and as purely military chiefs, whereas their See also:kings were chosen from a royal See also:family of divine descent. Sometimes the dukes so chosen succeeded in making their po' 'er permanent without taking the See also:style of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. To this national See also:category belong, besides the See also:great See also:German dukedoms, the dukes of See also:Normandy, and the Lombard dukes of See also:Spoleto and See also:Benevento, who traced their origin, not to an administrative See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, but to the leadership of Teutonic See also:war bands. With the development of the feudal See also:system the distinction between the official and the national dukedoms was more and more obliterated. By the 13th and 14th centuries the See also:title had become purely territorial, and implied no necessary over-lordship over See also:counts and other nobles, who existed side by side with the dukes as tenants-in-See also:chief of the See also:crown. From this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the significance of the ducal title varies widely in different countries. Whenever the crown got the better of the feudal spirit of See also:independence, as in See also:France or See also:Naples, it sank from being a See also:sovereign title to a See also:mere social distinction, implying no See also:political See also:power, and not necessarily any territorial See also:influence. In See also:northern See also:Italy and in See also:Germany, on the other See also:hand, where the crown had proved too weak to combat the forces of disruption, it came ultimately to imply See also:independent See also:sovereignty.
The abolition of the See also:Holy See also:Empire in 1806 removed even the See also:shadow of vassalage from the German reigning dukes, who retain
their sovereign status under the new empire. Only one, however, the See also:grand See also:duke of See also:Luxemburg, is now both sovereign and independent. Besides the sovereign dukes in Germany there are certain " mediatized " ducal houses, e.g. that of See also:Ratibor, which See also:share with the dispossessed families of the See also:Italian sovereign duchies certain royal privileges, notably that of equality of See also:blood (Ebenburtigkeit). In Italy, where titles of See also:nobility give no See also:precedence at See also:court, that of duke (duca) has lost nearly all even of its social significance owing to lavish creations by the popes and See also:minor sovereigns, and to the fact that the title often passes by See also:purchase with a particular See also:estate. Political significance it has none. Some great Italian nobles are dukes, notably the heads of the great See also:Roman ducal families, but not all Italian dukes are great nobles.
In France the title duke at one time implied vast territorial power, as with the dukes of See also:Burgundy, Normandy, See also:Aquitaine and See also:Brittany, who asserted a See also:practical independence against the crown, though it was not till the 12th See also:century that the title duke was definitely regarded as See also:superior to others. At first (in the loth and 11th centuries) it had no defined significance, and even a See also:baron of the higher nobility called himself in charters duke, See also:count or even See also:marquis, indifferently. In any case the strengthening of the royal power gradually sapped the significance of the title, until on the See also:eve of the Revolution it implied no more than high See also:rank and probably territorial See also:wealth.
There were, under the ancien regime, three classes of dukes in France: (1) dukes who were peers (see See also:PEERAGE) and had a seat in the See also:parlement of See also:Paris; (2) hereditary dukes who were not peers; (3) " See also:brevet " dukes, created for See also:life only. The See also:French duke ranks in See also:Spain with the " See also:grandee " (q.v.), and See also:vice versa. In republican France the already existing titles are officially recognized, but they are now no more than the badges of distinguished ancestry. Besides the descendants of the feudal See also:aristocracy there are in France certain ducal families dating from See also:Napoleon I.'s creation of 18o6 (e.g. dues d'Albufera, de Montebello, de See also:Feltre), from See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Philippe (duc d'See also:Isly, and duc d'Audiff See also:ret-See also:Pasquier),andfromNapoleon III. (Malakoff,See also:Magenta, See also:Morny).
In See also:England the title of duke was unknown till the 14th century, though in Saxon times the title ealdorman, afterwards exchanged for " See also:earl," was sometimes rendered in Latin as See also:dux,' and the See also:English kings till See also:John's time styled themselves dukes of Normandy, and dukes of Aquitaine even later. In 1337 King See also:Edward III. erected the See also:county of See also:Cornwall into a duchy for his son Edward the See also:Black See also:Prince, who was thus the first English duke. The second was See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, earl of See also:Lancaster, See also:Derby, See also:Lincoln and See also:Leicester, who was created duke of Lancaster in 1351. In See also:Scot-See also:land the title of duke was first bestowed in 1398 by See also:Robert III. on his eldest son See also:David, who was made duke of See also:Rothesay, and on his See also:brother, who became duke of See also:Albany.
See also:British dukes rank next to princes and princesses of the blood royal, the two archbishops of See also:Canterbury and See also:York, the See also:lord See also:Chancellor, &c., but beyond this precedence they have no See also:special privileges which are not shared by peers of See also:lower rank (see PEERAGE). Though their full style as proclaimed by the See also:herald is " most high, potent and See also:noble prince," and they are included in the Almanach de See also:Gotha, they are not recognized as the equals in blood of the crowned or mediatized dukes of the See also:continent, and the daughter of an English duke marrying a See also:foreign royal prince can only take his title by See also:courtesy, or where, under the " See also:house-See also:laws " of certain families, a family See also:council sanctions the match. The eldest son of an English duke takes as a See also:rule by courtesy the second title of his See also:father, and ranks, with or without the title, as a See also:marquess. The other sons and daughters See also:bear the titles " Lord " and " See also:Lady " before their See also:Christian names, also by courtesy. A duke in the British peerage, if not royal, is addressed as "Your See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
Grace " and is styled " the Most Noble." (See See also:ARCHDUKE, GRAND DUKE, and, for the ducal coronet, CROWN AND_CORONET.) (W. A. P.)
' So Ego Haroldus dux, Ego Tostinus dux, in a See also:charter of Edward the See also:Confessor (,o6o), Hist. See also:MSS. See also:Comm. 12th See also:rep. app. pt. ix. p. 581.
End of Article: FEUDALISM
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