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See also:JOHN (1167–1216) , See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:England, the youngest son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. by Eleanor of See also:Aquitaine, was See also:born at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford on the 24th of See also:December 1167. He was given at an See also:early See also:age the nick-name of Lackland because, unlike his See also:elder See also:brothers, he received no apanage in the See also:continental provinces. But his future was a subject of anxious thought to Henry II. When only five years old John was betrothed (1173) to the heiress of Maurienne and See also:Savoy, a principality which, as dominating the See also:chief routes from See also:France and See also:Burgundy to See also:Italy, enjoyed a consequence out of all proportion to its See also:area. Later, when this See also:plan had fallen through, he was endowed with castles, revenues and lands on both sides of the channel; the vacant earldom of See also:Cornwall was reserved for him (117J); he was betrothed to See also:Isabella the heiress of the earldom of See also:Gloucester (1176); and he was granted the lordship of See also:Ireland with the See also:homage of the Anglo-Irish baronage (1177).
Henry II. even provoked a See also:civil See also:war by attempting to See also:transfer the duchy of Aquitaine from the hands of See also:Richard Coeur de See also:Lion to those of John (1183). In spite of the incapacity which he displayed in this war, John was sent a little later to govern Ireland (1185); but he returned in a few months covered with disgrace, having alienated the loyal chiefs by his childish insolence and entirely failed to defend the settlers from the hostile septs. Remaining henceforth at his See also:father's See also:side he was treated with the utmost See also:indulgence. But he joined with his See also:brother Richard and the See also:French king See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus in the See also:great See also:conspiracy of 1189, and the See also:discovery of his See also:treason See also:broke the See also:heart of the old king (see HENRY II.).
Richard on his See also:accession confirmed John's existing possessions; married him to Isabella of Gloucester; and gave him, besides other grants, the entire revenues of six See also:English shires; but excluded him from any See also:share in the regency which was appointed to govern England during the third crusade; and only allowed him to live in the See also:kingdom because urged to this concession by their See also:mother. Soon after the king's departure for the See also:Holy See also:Land it became known that he had designated his See also:nephew, the See also:young See also:Arthur of See also:Brittany, as his successor. John at once began to intrigue against the regents with the aim of securing England for himself. He picked a See also:quarrel with the unpopular See also:chancellor See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Longchamp (q.v.), and succeeded, by the help of the barons and the Londoners, in expelling this See also:minister, whose chief See also:fault was that of fidelity to the absent Richard. ' Not being permitted to succeed Longchamp as the See also:head of the See also:administration, John next turned to Philip Augustus for help. A bargain was struck; and when Richard was captured by See also:Leopold, See also:duke of See also:Austria (December 1192), the See also:allies endeavoured to prevent his See also:release, and planned a See also:partition of his dominions. They were, however, unable to win either English or See also:Norman support and their schemes collapsed with Richard's return (See also:March 1194). He magnanimously pardoned his brother, and they lived on not unfriendly terms for the next five years. On his deathbed Richard, See also:reversing his former arrangements, caused his barons to swear fealty to John (1199), although the hereditary claim of Arthur was by the See also:law of See also:primogeniture undoubtedly See also:superior.
England and See also:Normandy, after some hesitation, recognized John's See also:title; the See also:attempt of See also:Anjou and Brittany to assert the rights of Arthur ended disastrously by the See also:capture of the young See also:prince at Mirebeau in See also:Poitou (1202). But there was no See also:part of his dominions in which John inspired See also:personal devotion. Originally accepted as a See also:political See also:necessity, he soon came to be detested by the See also:people as a See also:tyrant and despised by the nobles for his cowardice and See also:sloth. He inherited great difficulties—the See also:feud with France, the dissensions of the continental provinces, the growing indifference of England to See also:foreign conquests, the discontent of all his subjects with a strict executive and severe See also:taxation. But he cannot be acquitted of personal responsibility for his misfortunes. Astute in small matters, he had no breadth of view or foresight; his policy was continually warped by his passions or caprices; he flaunted vices of the most sordid See also:kind with a cynical indifference to public See also:opinion, and shocked an age which was far from See also:tender-hearted by his ferocity to vanquished enemies. He treated his most respectable supporters with See also:base ingratitude, reserved his favour for unscrupulous adventurers, and gave a See also:free See also:rein to the See also:licence of his mercenaries. While possessing considerable gifts of mind and a latent fund of See also:energy, he seldom acted or reflected until the favourable moment had passed. Each of his great humiliations followed as the natural result of crimes or blunders. By his See also:divorce from Isabella of Gloucester he offended the English baronage (1200); by his See also:marriage with Isabella of See also:Angouleme, the betrothed of See also:Hugh of See also:Lusignan, he gave an opportunity to the discontented Poitevins for invoking French assistance and to Philip Augustus for pronouncing against him a See also:sentence of See also:forfeiture. The See also:murder of Arthur (1203) ruined his cause in Normandy and Anjou; the See also:story that the See also:court of the peers of France condemned him for the murder is a See also:fable, but no legal See also:process was needed to convince men of his See also:guilt. In the later quarrel with See also:Innocent III. (1207–1213; see See also:LANGTON,
See also:STEPHEN) he prejudiced his See also:case by proposing a worthless favourite for the primacy and by plundering those of the See also:clergy who bowed to the See also:pope's sentences. Threatened with the See also:desertion of his barons he drove all whom he suspected to desperation by his terrible severity towards the See also:Braose See also:family (1210); and by his continued misgovernment irrevocably estranged the See also:lower classes. When submission to See also:Rome had somewhat improved his position he squandered his last resources in a new and unsuccessful war with France (1214), and enraged the feudal classes by new claims for military service and scutages. The barons were consequently able to exact, in Magna Carta (See also:June 1215), much more than the redress of legitimate grievances; and the people allowed the See also:crown to be placed under the See also:control of an oligarchical See also:committee. When once the See also:sovereign See also:power had been thus divided, the natural consequence was civil war and the intervention of the French king, who had See also:long watched for some such opportunity. John's struggle against the barons and Prince See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis (1216), afterwards King Louis VIII., was the most See also:credit-able See also:episode of his career. But the calamitous situation of England at the moment of his See also:death, on the 19th of See also:October 1216, was in the See also:main his See also:work; and while he lived a See also:national reaction in favour of the See also:dynasty was out of the question.
John's second wife, Isabella of Angouleme (d. 1246), who married her former See also:lover, Hugh of Lusignan, after the English king's death, See also:bore the king two sons, Henry III. and Richard, See also:earl of Cornwall; and three daughters, See also:Joan (1210-1238), wife of See also:Alexander II., king of See also:Scotland, Isabella (d. 1241), wife of the See also:emperor See also:Frederick II., and Eleanor (d. 1274), wife of William See also:Marshal, earl of See also:Pembroke, and then of See also:Simon de See also:Montfort, earl of See also:Leicester. John had also two illegitimate sons, Richard and See also:Oliver, and a daughter, Joan or See also:Joanna, who married See also:Llewelyn I. ab Iorwerth, prince of See also:North See also:Wales, and who died in 1236 or 1237.
End of Article: JOHN (1167–1216)
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