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See also:GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster) , a See also:city, See also:county of a city, municipal and See also:parliamentary See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough and See also:port, and the county See also:town of See also:Gloucestershire, See also:England, on the See also:left (See also:east) See also:bank of the See also:river See also:Severn, 114 M. W.N.W. of See also:London. Pop. (1901) 47,955, It is served by the See also:Great Western railway and the See also:west-and-See also:north See also:branch of the Midland railway; while the See also:Berkeley See also:Ship See also:Canal runs S.W. to Sharpness Docks in the Severn See also:estuary (162 m.). Gloucester is situated on a See also:gentle See also:eminence overlooking the Severn and sheltered by the Cotteswolds on the east, while the Malverns and the hills of the See also:Forest of See also:Dean rise prominently to the west and north-west.
The See also:cathedral, in the north of the city near the river, originates in the See also:foundation of an See also:abbey of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter in 681, the See also:foundations of the See also:present See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church having been laid by See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
Abbot Serlo (1072-1104) ; and See also:Walter Froucester (d. 1412) its historian, became its first mitred abbot in 1381. Until 1541, Gloucester See also:lay in the see of See also:Worcester, but the See also:separate see was then constituted, with See also:John Wakeman, last abbot of See also:Tewkesbury, for its first See also:bishop. The See also:diocese covers the greater See also:part of Gloucestershire, with small parts of See also:Herefordshire and See also:Wiltshire. The cathedral may be succinctly described as consisting of a See also:Norman See also:nucleus, with additions in every See also:style of See also:Gothic See also:architecture. It is 420 ft. See also:long, and 144 ft. broad, with a beautiful central See also:tower of the 15th See also:century rising to the height of Z25 ft. and topped by four graceful pinnacles. The See also:nave is massive Norman with See also:Early See also:English roof; the See also:crypt also, under the See also:choir, aisles and chapels, is Norman, as is the See also:chapter-See also:house. The crypt is one of the four apsidal cathedral crypts in England, the others being at Worcester, See also:Winchester and See also:Canterbury. The See also:south See also:porch is Perpendicular, with See also:fan-See also:tracery roof, as also is the north See also:transept, the south being transitional Decorated. The choir has Perpendicular tracery over Norman See also:work, with an apsidal See also:chapel on each See also:side. The choir-vaulting is particularly See also:rich, and the See also:modern See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of colouring is judicious. The splendid See also:late Decorated east window is partly filled with See also:ancient See also:glass. Between the apsidal chapels is a See also:cross See also:Lady chapel, and north of the nave are the cloisters, with very early example of fan-tracery, the carols or stalls for the monks' study and See also:writing lying to the south. The finest See also:monument is the canopied See also:shrine of See also:Edward II. who was brought hither from Berkeley. By the visits of pilgrims to this the See also:building and See also:sanctuary were enriched. In a side-chapel, too, is a monument in coloured See also:bog See also:oak of See also:Robert Curthose, a great benefactor to the abbey, the eldest son of the Conqueror, who was interred there; and those of Bishop See also:Warburton and Dr Edward See also:Jenner are also worthy of See also:special mention. A musical festival (the Festival of the Three Choirs) is held annually in this cathedral and those of Worcester and See also:Hereford in turn. Between 1873 and 1890 and in 1897 the cathedral was extensively restored, principally by See also:Sir See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
Gilbert See also:Scott. Attached to the deanery is the Norman See also:prior's chapel. In St See also:Mary's Square outside the Abbey See also:gate, Bishop See also:Hooper suffered martyrdom under See also:Queen Mary in 1555.
See also:Quaint gabled and timbered houses preserve the ancient aspect of the city. • At the point of intersection of the four See also:principal: streets stood the Tolsey or town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, replaced by a modern building in 1894. None of the old public buildings, in fact, is left, but the New See also:Inn in Northgate See also:Street is a beautiful timbered house, strong and massive, with See also:external galleries and courtyards, built in 1450 for the pilgrims to Edward II.'s shrine, by Abbot Sebroke, a traditional subterranean passage leading thence to the cathedral. The See also:timber is principally See also:chestnut. There are a largenumber of churches and dissenting chapels, and it may have been the old See also:- PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)
proverb, " as sure as See also:God's in Gloucester," which provoked See also:Oliver See also:Cromwell to declare that the city had " more churches than godliness." Of the churches four are of special See also:interest: St Mary de Lode, with a Norman tower and See also:chancel, and a monument of Bishop Hooper, on the site of a See also:Roman See also:temple which became the first See also:Christian church in See also:Britain; St Mary de Crypt, a cruciform structure of the 12th century, with later additions and a beautiful and lofty tower; the church of St See also:Michael, said to have been connected with the ancient abbey of St Peter; and St See also:Nicholas church, originally of Norman erection, and possessing a tower and other portions of later date. In the neighbourhood of St Mary de Crypt are slight remains of See also:Grey-friars and Blackfriars monasteries, and also of the city See also:wall. Early vaulted cellars remain under the Fleece and Saracen's See also:Head inns.
There are three endowed See also:schools: the See also:College school, refounded by See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VIII. as part of the cathedral See also:establishment; the school of St Mary de Crypt, founded by See also:Dame See also:Joan See also:Cooke in the same reign; and Sir See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Rich's See also:Blue Coat See also:hospital for 34 boys (1666). At the Crypt school the famous preacher See also:George See also:Whitefield (1714-1770) was educated, and he preached his first See also:sermon in the church. The first See also:Sunday school was held in Gloucester, being originated by Robert See also:Raikes, in 1780.
The noteworthy modern buildings include the museum and school of See also:art and See also:science, the county See also:gaol (on the site of a Saxon and Norman See also:castle), the See also:Shire Hall and the Whitefield memorial church.
A See also:park in the south of the city contains a See also:spa, a chalybeate See also:spring having been discovered in 1814. West of this, across the canal, are the remains (a gateway and some walls) of Llanthony Priory, a See also:cell of the See also:mother abbey in the vale of Ewyas, See also:Monmouthshire, which in the reign of Edward IV. became the secondary establishment.
Gloucester possesses match See also:works, foundries, See also:marble and See also:slate works, saw-See also:mills, chemical works, rope works, See also:flour-mills, manufactories of railway wagons, engines and agricultural implements, and See also:boat and ship-building yards. Gloucester was declared a port in 1882. The Berkeley canal was opened in 1827. The Gloucester canal-See also:harbour and that at Sharpness on the Severn are managed by a See also:board. Principal imports are timber and See also:grain; and exports, See also:coal, See also:salt, See also:iron and bricks. The See also:salmon and See also:lamprey See also:fisheries in the Severn are valuable. The tidal See also:bore in the river attains its extreme height just below the city, and sometimes surmounts the See also:weir in the western branch of the river, affecting the stream up to Tewkesbury See also:lock. The parliamentary borough returns one member. The city is governed by a See also:mayor, ro aldermen and 30 councillors. See also:Area, 23x5 acres.
See also:History.—The traditional existence of a See also:British See also:settlement at Gloucester (Cm'. Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre) is not confirmed by any See also:direct See also:evidence, but Gloucester was the Roman See also:municipality or colonia of Glevum, founded by See also:Nerva (A.D. 96-98). Parts of the walls can be traced, and many remains and .coins have been found, though See also:inscriptions (as is frequently the See also:case in Britain) are somewhat scarce. Its situation on a navigable river, and the foundation in 681 of the abbey of St Peter by 'See also:Ethelred favoured the growth of the town; and before the See also:Conquest Gloucester was a borough governed by a portreeve, with a castle which was frequently a royal See also:residence, and a See also:mint. The first overlord, See also:Earl See also:Godwine, was succeeded nearly a century later by Robert, earl of Gloucester. Henry II. granted the first See also:charter in 1155 which gave the burgesses the same liberties as the citizens of London and Winchester, and a second charter of Henry II. gave them freedom of passage on the Severn. The first charter was confirmed in 1194 by See also:Richard I. The privileges of the borough were greatly extended by the charter of John (1200) which gave freedom from See also:toll throughout the See also:kingdom and from See also:pleading outside the borough. Subsequent charters were numerous. Gloucester was incorporated by Richard III. in 1483, the town being made a county in itself. This charter was confirmed in 1489 and 1510, and other charters of See also:incorporation were received by Gloucester from See also:Elizabeth in 156o, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James L
in r6o4, See also:Charles I. in 1626 and Charles II. in 1672. The chartered port of Gloucester See also:dates from 1580. Gloucester returned two members to See also:parliament from 1275 to 1885, since when it has been represented by one member. A seven days' See also:fair from the 24th of See also:June was granted by Edward I. in 1302, and James I. licensed fairs on the 25th of See also:March and the 17th of See also:November, and fairs under these grants are still held on the first Saturday in See also:April and See also:July and the last Saturday in November. The fair now held on the 28th of See also:September was granted to the abbey of St Peter in 1227. A See also:market on Wednesday existed in the reign of John, was confirmed by charter in 1227 and is still held. The iron See also:trade of Gloucester dates from before the Conquest, tanning was carried on before the reign of Richard III., See also:pin-making and See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell-See also:founding were introduced in the 16th, and the long-existing coal trade became important in the 18th century. The See also:cloth trade flourished from the 12th to the r6th century. The See also:sea-See also:borne trade in See also:corn and See also:wine existed before the reign of Richard I.
See W. H. See also:Stevenson, Records of the See also:Corporation of Gloucester (Gloucester, 1893) ; See also:Victoria County History, Gloucestershire.
End of Article: GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
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