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CANTERBURY

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 211 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CANTERBURY , a See also:

city and See also:county of a city, the See also:metropolis of an archdiocese of the See also:Church of See also:England, and a municipal, county and See also:parliamentary See also:borough of See also:Kent, England, 62 m. E.S.E. of See also:London by the See also:South-Eastern & See also:Chatham railway. Pop. (1901) 24,889. It lies on the See also:river See also:Stour, which here debouches from a beautiful narrow valley of the See also:North See also:Downs, the See also:low but abrupt elevations of which command See also:fine views of the city from the See also:west and south, while the river presently enters upon the See also:flat See also:belt of See also:land which separates the elevated Isle of See also:Thanet from the See also:rest of Kent. This belt represents the existence, in See also:early historic times, of a See also:sea-strait, and Fordwich, little more than 2 M. north-See also:east of Canterbury, was once accessible for See also:ship-ping. The city surrounds the precincts of the See also:great See also:cathedral. The Cathedral.—It was to Canterbury, as the See also:capital of IEthelberht, the See also:fourth Saxon See also:king of Kent, that in 597 See also:Augustine and his See also:fellow-missionaries came from See also:Rome, and their See also:settlement by £Ethelberht in his capital became the origin of its position, held ever since, as the metropolis of the Church of England. IEthelberht, whose See also:queen, Bertha, was already a See also:Christian, gave the missionaries a church whose mythical founder was King See also:Lucius. Augustine was a See also:Benedictine and established the monastery of that See also:order attached to the cathedral; this See also:foundation was set upon a See also:firm basis after the See also:Norman See also:Conquest by See also:Archbishop See also:Lanfranc, who placed its See also:charge (as distinct from that of the See also:diocese) in the hands of a See also:prior. Preparatory to the description of the cathedral, the See also:principal epochs in the See also:history of its erection may be noted. The Romano- See also:British church occupied by St Augustine, of See also:basilica History See also:form, remained See also:long in use, though it was largely of the See also:building. rebuilt by Archbishop See also:Odo, c.

950; after further vicissitudes it was destroyed by See also:

fire in 1067. See also:Arch-See also:bishop Lanfranc, taking up his See also:office in 1070, undertook the building of an entirely new church, but under See also:Anselm (c. 1100) Prior Ernulf rebuilt the eastern See also:part, and his successor See also:Conrad carried on the See also:work. A fire destroyed much of this part of the building in 1174, and from that See also:year the architect, See also:William of See also:Sens, took up the work of rebuilding until 1178, when, on his suffering serious injury by falling from a See also:scaffold, another William, commonly distinguished as the Englishman, carried on the work and completed it in 1184. In 1376 Archbishop See also:Sudbury entered upon the construction of a new See also:nave, and Prior Chillenden continued this under Archbishop See also:Courtenay. The ibuilding of the central See also:tower was undertaken c. 1495 by Prior Goldstone, with the counsel of Selling, his predecessor, and Archbishop See also:Morton. This Perpendicular tower is the most notable feature of the exterior. It rises in two storeys to a height of 235 ft. from the ground, and is known variously as See also:Bell Harry tower Exterior. from the great bell it contains, or as the See also:Angel See also:steeple from the gilded figure of an angel which formerly adorned the See also:summit. The Perpendicular nave is flanked at the west front by towers, whose massive buttresses, rising in tiers, serve to enhance by contrast the beautiful effect of the unbroken straight lines of Bell Harry tower. The south-western of these towers is an See also:original Perpendicular structure by Prior Goldstone, while the north-western was copied from it in 1834-1840, replacing a Norman tower which had carried a See also:spire until 1705 and had become unsafe. The north-west and south-west transepts are included in Chillenden's Perpendicular reconstruction; but east of these earlier work is met with.

The south-east See also:

transept exhibits Norman work; the projecting See also:chapel east of this is known as Anselm's tower. The cathedral terminates eastward in a graceful apsidal form, with the final addition of the circular eastern chapel built by William the Englishman, and known as the See also:Corona or See also:Becket's See also:Crown. St See also:Andrew's tower or chapel on the north See also:side, corresponding to Anselm's on the south, is the work of Ernulf. From this point westward the various monastic buildings adjoin the cathedral on the north side, so that the south side is that from which the details of the exterior must be examined. When the nave of the cathedral is entered, the See also:complete separation of the interior into two See also:main parts, not only owing to the distinction between the two main periods of interior. building; but by an actual structural arrangement, is realized as an unusual and, as it happens, a most impressive feature. In most See also:English cathedrals the See also:choir is separated from the nave by a See also:screen; at Canterbury not only is this the See also:case, but the separation is further marked by a broad See also:flight of steps leading up to the screen, the choir See also:floor (but not its roof) being much higher than that of the nave. Chillenden, in rebuilding the nave, retained only the See also:lower parts of some of the early Norman walls of Lanfranc and the piers of the central tower See also:arches. These piers were encased or altered on Perpendicular lines. In the choir, the See also:late 12th-See also:century work of the two See also:Williams, the notable features are its great length, the fine ornamentation and the use of arches both See also:round and pointed, a remarkable See also:illustration of the transition between the Norman and Early English styles; the prolific use of dark See also:marble in the shafts and See also:mouldings strongly contrasting with the See also:light See also:stone which is the material principally used; and, finally, the graceful incurve of the main arcades and walls at the eastern end of the choir where it joins the chapel of the Trinity, an arrangement necessitated by the preservation of the earlier flanking chapels or towers of St Anselm and St Andrew. From the See also:altar eastward the floor of the church is raised again above that of the choir. The choir screen was built by Prior de Estria, c. 1300.

The See also:

organ is not seen, being hidden in the See also:triforium and played from the choir. There are several tombs of archbishops in the choir. The south-east transept serves as the chapel of the King's school and exhibits the work of William of Sens in alteration of that of Ernulf. Anselm's chapel or tower, already mentioned, may be noticed again as containing a Decorated window (1336). This See also:style is not See also:common in the cathedral. Behind the altar is Trinity Chapel, in the centre of which stood the celebrated See also:shrine of St See also:Thomas of Canterbury. The priory owed its See also:chief fame to the See also:murder of Archbishop Becket (1170) in the church, his See also:canonization as St Thomas of Canterbury, and the resort of the Christian See also:world on See also:pilgrimage to his shrine. Miracles were almost immediately said to be worked at his See also:grave in the See also:crypt and at the well in which his garments had been washed; and from the See also:time when See also:Henry II. did his See also:penance for the murder in the church, and the See also:battle of See also:Alnwick was gained over the Scots a few days afterwards—it was supposed as a result— the Becket's shrine. See also:Pilgrim-ages. fame of the See also:martyr's See also:power and the popularity of his See also:worship became established in England. On the rebuilding of the cathedral after the fire of 1174, a magnificent shrine was erected for him in Trinity Chapel, which was built for the purpose, and became thronged for three centuries by pilgrims and worshippers of all classes, from See also:kings and emperors downward. Hence-forward the interests of the city became See also:bound up in those of the cathedral, and were shown in the large number of hostels for the See also:accommodation of pilgrims, and of shops containing wares especially suited to their tastes.

A pilgrimage to Canter-See also:

bury became not only a pious exercise, but a favourite summer excursion; and the poet See also:Chaucer, See also:writing in the 14th century, gives an admirable picture of such pilgrimages, with the See also:manners and behaviour of a party of pilgrims, leisurely enjoying the See also:journey and telling stories on the road. The English See also:language even preserved two words originating in these customs—a "canterbury," or a "canterbury See also:tale," a phrase used for a fiction, and a " canter," which is a See also:short form for a " canterbury -gallop," an allusion to the easy See also:pace at which these pilgrimages were performed. The shrine with its vast collected See also:wealth was destroyed, and every See also:reminiscence connected with it as far as possible effaced, by King Henry VIII.'s commissioners in 1538. But some of the beautiful old windows of stained See also:glass, illustrating the miracles wrought in connexion with the See also:saint, are pre-served. The north-west transept was the actual See also:scene of Becket's murder; the spot where he See also:fell is shown on the floor, but this part of the building is of later date than the tragedy. See also:Close to the site of the shrine is the fine See also:tomb of See also:Edward the See also:Black See also:Prince, with a remarkable portrait effigy, and above it his See also:helmet, See also:shield and other equipment. There is also in this chapel the tomb of King Henry IV. The Corona, at the extreme See also:cast of the church, contains the so-called St Augustine's See also:chair in which the archbishops are enthroned. It is of marble, but its name is not deserved, as it See also:dates probably from c. 1200. The western part of the crypt, beneath the choir, is the work of Ernulf, and perhaps incorporates some of Lanfranc's work. The chapel of St See also:John or St See also:Gabriel, beneath Anselm's tower, is still used for service, in which the See also:French language is used; it was devoted to this purpose in 1561, on behalf of French See also:Protestant refugees, who were also permitted to carry on their See also:trade as weavers in the crypt.

The eastern and loftier part of the crypt, with its apsidal termination, is the work of William the Englishman. Here for some time See also:

lay the See also:body of Becket, and here the celebrated penance of Henry II. was performed. The chief entrance to the precincts is through an ornate See also:gate-way at the south-west, called See also:Christchurch gateway, and built by Prior Goldstone in 1517. Among the remains of Monastic the monastic buildings there may be mentioned the builddings ~' Norman ruins of the infirmary, the fine two-storeyed See also:treasury and the lavatory tower, Norman in the lower part and Perpendicular in the upper. The cloisters are of various dates, containing a little See also:rich Norman work, but were very largely rebuilt by Prior Chillenden. The upper part of the See also:chapter-See also:house is also his work, but the lower is by Prior de Estria. The library is See also:modern. The site of the New See also:Hall of the monastery is covered by modern buildings of King's schocl, but the Norman entry-See also:stair is preserved---a magnificent example of the style, with highly ornate arcading. The principal dimensions of the cathedral are: length (out-side) 522 ft., nave 178 ft., choir 18o ft. The nave is 71 ft. in breadth and 8o ft. in height. The archbishop of Canterbury is See also:primate of all England; the ecclesiastical See also:province of Canterbury covers England See also:Simon Sudbury, 1375 to 1381. 6o.

William Courtenay, 1381 to 1396. 61. Thomas See also:

Arundel, 1396 to 1414. 62. Henry See also:Chicheley, 1414 to 1443 63. John See also:Stafford, 1443 to 1452. 64. John See also:Kemp, 1452 to 1454. 65. Thomas See also:Bourchier, 1454 to 1486. 66. John Morton, 1486 to 1500.

67. Henry See also:

Dean (Dene), 1501 to 1503. 68. William See also:Warham, 1503 to 1532. 69. Thomas See also:Cranmer, 1533 to 1556. Reginald See also:Pole, 1556 to 1558. See also:Matthew See also:Parker, 1559 to 1575. 72. See also:Edmund See also:Grindal, 1575 to 1583. John See also:Whitgift, 1583 to 1604. See also:Richard See also:Bancroft, 1604 to 1610.

See also:

George See also:Abbot, i610 to 1633. William See also:Laud, 1633 to 1645. William See also:Juxon, 166o to 1663. See also:Gilbert See also:Sheldon, 1663 to 1677. 79. William See also:Sancroft, 1678 to 1691. 80. John See also:Tillotson, 1691 to 1694. 81. Thomas See also:Tenison, 1694 to 1715. 82. William See also:Wake, 1716 to 1737.

83. John See also:

Potter, 1737 to 1747. 84. Thomas See also:Herring, 1747 to 1757. 85. Matthew See also:Hutton, 1757 to 1758. 86. Thomas Seeker, 1758 to 1768. 87. See also:Frederick See also:Cornwallis, 1768 to 1783. 88. John See also:Moore, 1783 to 1805.

89. See also:

Charles Manners-See also:Sutton, 1805 to 1828. 90. William Howley, 1828 to 1848. John See also:Bird See also:Sumner, 1848 to 1862. 92. Charles Thomas See also:Longley, 1862 to 1868. See also:Archibald See also:Campbell See also:Tait, 1868 to 1882. Edward See also:White See also:Benson, 1882 to 1896. Frederick See also:Temple, 1896 to 1903. See also:Randall Thomas See also:Davidson. The archbishop has a seat at See also:Lambeth See also:Palace, London.

There are fragments in Palace See also:

Street of the old archbishop's palace which have been incorporated with a modern palace. Other Ecclesiastical See also:Foundations. -- Canterbury naturally abounded in religious foundations. The most important, apart from the cathedral, was the Benedictine See also:abbey of St Augustine. This was erected on a site granted by King AEthelberht outside his capital, in a See also:tract called Longport. Augustine dedicated it to St See also:Peter and St See also:Paul, but Archbishop See also:Dunstan added the sainted name of the founder to the See also:dedication, and in common use it came to exclude those of the apostles. The site is now occupied by St Augustine's Missionary See also:College, founded in 1844 when the See also:property was acquired by A. J. B. See also:Beresford See also:Hope. Some See also:ancient remnants are preserved, the principal being the entrance gateway (1300), with the See also:cemetery gate, dated a century later, and the See also:guest hall, now the See also:refectory; but the scanty ruins of St Pancras' chapel are of high See also:interest, and embody See also:Roman material. The chapel is said to have received its dedication from St Augustine on See also:account of the See also:special association of St Pancras with See also:children, and in connexion with the famous See also:story of St See also:Gregory, whose See also:attention was first attracted to See also:Britain Province and See also:Wales south of See also:Cheshire and See also:Yorkshire; and the and diocese.

diocese covers a great part of Kent with a small part of See also:

Sussex. The following is a See also:list of archbishops of Canterbury: I. Augustine, 597 to 605. 6. Deusdedit (Frithona), 655 2. See also:Lawrence (See also:Laurentius), 605 to 664. to 619. 7. See also:Theodore, 668 to 690. 3. See also:Mellitus, 619 to 624. 8.

Brethwald (Bcrhtuald), 693 4. See also:

Justin. 624 to 627. to 731. 5. See also:Honorius, 627 to 653. 9. Taetwine, 731 to 734. 37. 38-39. 40. 41. 42.

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

55. 56. 57. 58. io. Nothelm, 734 to 740. II. See also:

Cuthbert, 740 to 758. 12. Breogwine, 759 to 762. 13. Jaenberht, 763 to 790.

14. ./Ethelhard, 790 to 803. 15. Wulfred, 803 to 829. 16. Fleogild, 829 to 830. 17. Ceolnoth, 83o to 870. 18. !See also:

Ethelred, 870 to 889. 19. Plegemund, 889 to 914.

20. r'Ethelm, 914 to 923. 21. Wulfelm, 923 to 942. 22. Odo, 942 to 959. 23. fElsine, 959. 24. Dunstan, 96o to 988. 25. IEthelgar, 988 to 989. 26. Sigeric, 990 to 994.

27. See also:

IElfric, 995 to 1005. 28. See also:Alphege (iElfeah), 1005 to I012. Lyfing, 1013 to 1020. fEthelnoth, 1020 to 1038. Eadsige, 1038 to 1050. See also:Robert of Jumieges, 1051 to 1052. See also:Stigand, 1052 to 1070. Lanfranc, 1070 to 1089. Anselm, Io93 to 1109.

End of Article: CANTERBURY

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