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CHICHELEY, HENRY (1364-1443)
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See also:CHICHELEY, See also: President Harper more than once stated most categorically that contrary to prevalent beliefs no donor of funds to the university " has ever (1902) by a single word or See also:act indicated his dissatisfaction with the instruction given to students in the university, or with the public expression of See also:opinion made by any officer of the university "; and certainly so far as the public See also:press reveals, no other university of the See also:country has had so many professors who have in various lines, including See also:economics; expressed See also:radical views in public.
J. See also:Cole, See also:Wellingborough, 1838) that Henry Chicheley was picked up by William of Wykeham .when he was a poor ploughboy " eating his scanty See also:meal off his mother's See also:lap," whatever that means. The story was unknown to See also:Arthur See also:Duck, See also:fellow of All Souls, who wrote Chicheley's See also:life in 1617. It is only the usual See also:attempt, as in the cases of See also:Whittington, See also:Wolsey and See also:Gresham, to exaggerate the rise of a successful See also:man. The first recorded See also:appearance of Henry Chicheley himself is at New College, Oxford, as Checheley, eighth among the undergraduate See also:fellows, in See also:July 1387, in the earliest extant See also: F. Leach, History of Winchester College), while no such college as St John's College at Winchester ever existed.
Chicheley appears in the, Hall-books of New College up to the year 1392/93, when he was a B.A. and was absent for ten See also:weeks from about the 6th of See also:December to the 6th of See also: On the 13th of See also:April 1396 he obtained ratification of the parson-See also:age of St See also:Stephen's, Walbrook, presented on the 3oth of March by the See also: Another bull the same day gave him the right to hold all his benefices with the bishopric.
At See also:Siena in July 1408 he and Sir John Cheyne, as English envoys, were received by Gregory XII. with See also:special See also:honour, and Bishop Repingdon of Lincoln, ex-Wyclif lte, was one of the new batch of cardinals created on the 18th of See also:September 1408, most of Gregory's cardinals having deserted him. These, together with See also:Benedict's revolting cardinals, summoned a See also:general See also:council at See also:Pisa. In See also:November 1408 Chicheley was back at See also:Westminster, when Henry IV. received the See also:cardinal archbishop of See also:Bordeaux and determined to support the cardinals at Pisg against both popes. In January 1409 Chicheley was named with Bishop Hallum of Salisbury • and the See also:prior of See also:Canterbury to represent the See also:Southern See also:Convocation at the council, which opened on the 25th of March 1409, arriving on the 24th of April. Obedience was withdrawn from both the existing popes, and on the 26th of June a new pope elected instead of them. Chicheley and the other envoys were received on their return as saviours of .the See also:world; though the result was summed up by a contemporary as trischism instead of schism, and the Church as giving three husbands instead of two. Chicheley now became the subject of a leading case, the court of See also: 1409) enabling him to appoint his successors to the vacated preferments, including his See also:nephew William, though still an undergraduate and not in orders, to the chancellorship of Salisbury, and a prebend at Lichfield, he did not go empty away. In May 1410 he went again on an See also:embassy to See also:France; on the 11th of September 1411 he headed a mission to discuss Henry V.'s marriage with a daughter of the See also:duke of See also:Burgundy; and he was again there in November. In the See also:interval Chicheley found time to visit his diocese for the first time and be enthroned at St David's on the 11th of May 1411. He was with the English force under the See also:earl of See also:Arundel which accompanied the duke of Burgundy to Paris in October 1411 and there defeated the Armagnacs, an exploit which revealed to England the weakness of the French. On the 3oth of November 1411 Chicheley, with two other bishops and three earls and the_prince of Wales, knelt to the king to receive public thanks for their See also:administration. That he was in high favour with Henry V. is shown by his being sent with the earl of See also:Warwick to France in July 1413 to conclude peace. Immediately after the See also:death of archbishop 'Arundel he was nominated by the king to the archbishopric, elected on the 4th of March, translated by papal bull on the 28th of April, and received the See also:pall without going to See also:Rome for it on the 24th of July. These See also:dates are important as they help to See also:save Chicheley from the See also:charge, versified by See also:Shakespeare (Henry V. act i. sc. 2) from Hall's See also:Chronicle, of having tempted Henry V. into the See also:conquest of France for the See also:sake of diverting See also:parliament from the disendowment of the Church. There is no contemporary authority for the charge ,which seems to appear first in Redman's rhetorical history of Henry V., written in 1540 with an See also:eye to the See also:political situation at that time. As a See also:matter of fact, the parliament at See also:Leicester, in which the speeches were supposed to have been made, began on the 3oth of April 1414 before Chicheley was archbishop. The rolls of parliament show that he was not See also:present in the parliament at all. Moreover parliament was so See also:fat Fe-ern pressing disendowment that on the See also:petition ofthe See also:Commons it passed a See also:savage act against the heresies " commonly called Lollardry" which aimed at the destruction of the king and all temporal estates," making See also:Lollards felons and ordering every See also:justice of the peace to hunt down their See also:schools, eonventicles, congregations and confederacies. -
In his capacity of archbishop, Chicheley remained what he had always been chiefly, the lawyer and diplomatist. He was present at the See also:siege of See also:Rouen, and the king committed to him personally the negotiations for- the surrender of the See also:city in January 1419 and for the marriage of Katherine. He crowned Katherine at Westminster (2oth,,February 1421), and on the 6th of December baptized her See also:child Henry VI. He was of course a persecutor of heretics. No. one could have attained or kept the position of archbishop at the time without being so. So he presided at the trial of John Claydon, See also:Skinner and citizen of London, who after five years' imprisgnment at various times had made public See also:abjuration before the See also:late archbishop, Arundel, but now was found in See also:possession of a book in English called The Lanterne of See also:Light, which contained the heinous See also:heresy that the principal cause of the persecution of Christians was the illegal retention by priests of the goods of this world, and that archbishops and bishops were the special seats of See also:antichrist. As a relapsed heretic, he was " left to the See also:secular See also:arm " by Chicheley. On the '1st of July 1416 Chicheley directed a See also:half-yearly See also:inquisition by archdeacons to hunt out heretics. On the 12th of February 1420 proceedings were begun before him against William See also: The records of convocation in Chicheley's time are a curious mixture of persecutions for heresy, which largely consisted in attacks on clerical endowments, with negotiations with the ministers of the See also:crown for the See also:object of cutting down to the lowest level the clerical contributions to the public revenues in respect of their endowments. Chicheley was tenacious of the privileges of his see, and this involved him in a See also:constant struggle with Henry See also:Beaufort, bishop of Winchester. In 1418, while Henry V. was alive, he successfully protested against Beaufort's being made a cardinal and See also:legate a la'tere to supersede the legatine See also:jurisdiction of Canterbury. But during the regency, after Henry VI.'s See also:accession, Beaufort was successful, and in 1426 became cardinal and legate. This brought Chicheley into collision with Martin V. The struggle between them has been represented as one of a patriotic archbishop resisting the encroachments of the papacy on the Church of England. In point of fact it was almost wholly See also:personal, and was rather an incident in the rivalry between the duke of See also:Gloucester and his half-brother, Cardinal Beaufort, than one involving any principle. Chicheley, by appointing a See also:jubilee to be held at Canterbury in 1420, "after the manner of the jubilee ordained by the Popes," threatened to divert the profits from pilgrims from Rome to Canterbury. A ferocious See also:letter from the pope to the papal nuncios, on the 19th of March 1423, denounced the proceeding as calculated " to en-snare See also:simple souls and extort, from them a profane See also:reward, thereby setting up themselves against the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff, to whom alone so See also:great a See also:faculty has been granted by God " (Cal. Pap. Reg. vii. 12). Chicheley also incurred the papal wrath by opposing the See also:system of papal See also:provision which diverted patronage from English to See also:Italian hands, but the immediate occasion was to prevent the introduction of the bulls making Beaufort a cardinal. Chicheley had been careful enough to obtain " Papal provisions " for himself, his pluralities, his bishopric and archbishopric. But, after all, it is not as archbishop or statesman, persecutor, papalist or antipapalist that Chicheley is remembered, but for his educational See also:foundations. He endowed a hutch, i.e. See also:chest or See also:loan-fund for poor scholars at New College, and another for the university of Oxford at large. He founded no less than three colleges, two at Oxford, one at Higham Ferrers, while there is See also:reason to believe that he suggested and inspired the foundation of See also:Eton and of King's College. His first college at Oxford, in perishing, gave birth to St John's College, which now holds its site. This was St See also:Bernard's College, founded by Chicheley under See also:licence in See also:mortmain in 1437 for Cistercian monks, on the See also:model of Gloucester Hall and See also:Durham College for the southern and See also:northern See also:Benedictines. Nothing more than a site and building was required by way of endowment, as the See also:young monks, who were sent there to study under a provisor, were supported by the houses of the See also:order to which they belonged. The site was five acres, and the building is described in the letters patent " as a fitting and See also:noble college See also:mansion in honour of the most glorious Virgin Mary and St Bernard in Northgates See also:Street outside the Northgate of Oxford." It was suppressed with the Cistercian abbeys in 1539, and granted on the 11th of December 1546 to See also:Christ Church, Oxford, who sold it to Sir Thomas Pope in 1553 for St John's College. The college at Higham Ferrers was a much earlier See also:design. On the and of May 1422 Henry V., in right of the duchy of See also:Lancaster, " See also:hearing that Chicheley inflamed by the pious fervour of devotion intended to enlarge divine service and other See also:works of piety at Higham Ferrers, in See also:consideration of his fruitful services, often See also:crossing the seas, yielding to no toils, dangers or expenses '. . especially in the conclusion of the present final peace with our dearest father the king of France," granted for 300 marks (£zoo) licence to found, on three acres at Higham Ferrers, a perpetual college of eight chaplains and four clerks, of whom one was to See also:teach grammar and the other See also:song . . . and six choristers to pray for himself and wife and for Henry IV. and his wife Mary . . . and to acquire the See also:alien priory of Merseye in See also:Essex late belonging to St Ouen's, Rouen," as endowment. A papal bull having also been obtained, on the 28th of August 1425, the archbishop, in the course of a visitation of Lincoln diocese, executed his letters patent See also:founding the college, dedicating it to the Virgin, St Thomas a See also:Becket and St See also:Edward the See also:Confessor, and handed over the buildings to its members, the See also:vicar of Higham Ferrers being made the first master or See also:warden. He further endowed it in 1434 with lands in See also:Bedfordshire and See also:Huntingdonshire, and his See also:brothers, William and Robert, gave some houses in London in 1427 and 1438. The foundation was closely modelled on Winchester College, with its warden and fellows, its grammar and song schoolmasters, but a step in advance was made by the masters being made fellows and so members of the governing See also:body. Attached was also a See also:bede or See also:almshouse for twelve poor men. Both school and almshouse had existed before, and this was merely an additional endowment. The whole endowment was in 1535 See also:worth some £200 a year, about a fifth of that of Winchester College. Unfortunately, All Souls being a later foundation, the college at Higham Ferrers was not affiliated to it, and so See also:fell with other colleges not part of the See also:universities. On the 18th of July 1542 it was surrendered to Henry VIII., and its possessions granted to Robert Dacres on See also:condition of maintaining the grammar school and paying the master £Io a year, the same See also:salary as the headmasters of Winchester and Eton, and maintaining the almshouse. Both still exist, but the school has been deprived of its See also:house, and the See also:Fitzwilliam See also:family, who now own the lands, still continue to pay only £10 a year. All Souls College was considerably later. The patent for it, dated loth of May 1438, is for a warden and 20 scholars, to be called " the Warden and College of the souls of all the faithful departed," to study and pray " for the soul of King Henry VI. and the souls of Henry V., Thomas, duke of See also:Clarence, and all the See also:dukes, earls, barons, knights, squires and other nobles and subjects of our father who during the time and in the service of our father and ourselves ended their lives in the See also:wars of the See also:kingdom of France, and for the souls of all the faithful departed." For this, the king granted Berford's Hall, formerly See also:Charleston's See also:Inn, which Chicheley's trustees had granted to him so as to obtain a royal grant and indefeasible' title. Richard See also:Andrews,the king's secretary, like Chicheley himself a scholar of Win cheater and fellow of New College, was named as first warden. A papal bull for the college was obtained on the 21st of June 1439; and further See also:patents for endowments from the Irth of May 1441 to the 28th of January 1443, when a general See also:confirmation See also:charter was obtained, for which £1000 (30,000 at least of our See also:money) was paid. It is commonly represented that the endowment was wholly derived from alien priories bought by Chicheley from the crown. In truth, not so large a proportion of the endowment of All Souls was derived from this source as was that of New College. The only alien priories gran `ed were Abberbury in See also:Oxfordshire, Wedon See also:Pinkney in See also:Northampton-See also:shire, See also:Romney in See also:Kent, and St See also:Clare and Llangenith in Wales, all very small affairs, single manors and rectories, and these did not See also:form a See also:quarter of the whole endowment. The See also:rest, particularly the See also:manor of Edgware, which made the See also:fortune of the college, was bought from private owners. See also:Early in 1443 the college was opened by Chicheley with four bishops in See also:state. The statutes, not See also:drawn up untii the and of April 1443, raised the number of the college to See also:forty. Like the college buildings, they are almost an exact copy of those of New College, mutatis mutandis. The college is sometimes described as being different from other colleges in being merely a large See also:chantry to pray for the souls of the dead warriors. But it was no more a chantry than the other colleges, all of which, like the monasteries and collegiate churches, were to pray for their founders' and other specified souls. Indeed, All Souls was more of a See also:lay foundation than its model. For while at New College only twenty out of seventy fellows were to study law instead of arts, See also:philosophy and See also:theology, at All Souls College sixteen were to be " jurists " and only twenty-four " artists "; and while at New College there were ten chaplains and three clerks necessarily, at All Souls the number was not defined but left optional; so that there are now only one See also:chaplain and four See also:bible clerks. Ten days after he sealed the statutes, on the 12th of April 1443, Chicheley died and was buried in Canterbury cathedral on the north See also:side of the See also:choir, under a See also:fine effigy of himself erected in his lifetime. There is what looks like an excellent contemporary portrait in one of the windows of All Souls College, which is figured in the See also:Victoria See also:County History for Hampshire, ii. 262. (A. F. L.) CHICHEN-See also:ITZA, or CHICKEN, an See also:ancient ruined city of See also:Yucatan, See also:Mexico, situated 22 m: W. of See also:Valladolid. The name is derived from that of the Itza, a tribe of the great Mayan stock, which formerly inhabited the city, and chicken, having reference probably to two See also:wells or pools which doubtless origin-ally supplied the inhabitants with See also:water and are still in existence. The history of the city is unknown, though it is regarded as probable that it preserved its See also:independence See also:long after the Spaniards had taken possession of the rest of the See also:district. The See also:area covered by the ruins is approximately 1 sq. m., and other remains are found in the neighbouring See also:forest. (See CENTRAL. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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