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MANOR . Any See also:definition of a manor, in See also:land See also:tenure, must take See also:note of two elements—economic and See also:political. The manor has an See also:estate for its basis, although it need not coincide with an estate, but may be wider. It is also a political unit, a See also:district formed for pm-poses of See also:government, although the political functions made over to it may greatly vary. As a lordship based on land tenure,, the manor necessarily comprises a ruler and a See also:population dependent on him, and the characteristic trait of such dependence consists not in ownership extending over persons, as in slave-holding communities, nor in contractual arrangements, as in a See also:modern economic organization, but in various forms and degrees of subjection, chiefly regulated by See also:custom. In the sense mentioned the manor is by no means a peculiarly See also:English institution; it occurs in every See also:country where See also:feudalism got a hold. Under other names we find it not only in See also:France, See also:Germany, See also:Italy, See also:Spain, but also, to a certain extent, in the See also:Byzantine See also:Empire, See also:Russia, See also:Japan, &c. It is especially representative of an aristocratic See also:stage in the development of See also:European nations. When tribal notions and arrangements ceased to be sufficient for upholding their commonwealths, when social and political See also:life had to be built up on the basis of land-tenure, the type of manorial organization came forward in natural course. It was closely connected with natural See also:economy, and was suited to a narrow See also:horizon of economic wants and political requirements. At the same See also:time it provided links for a See also:kind of See also:national federation of military estates. We shall only speak of the course of manorial See also:evolution in France and Germany, because this presents the clearest expression of the fundamental principles of manorial life and the best material for comparison with English facts. One problem See also:common to the entire European See also:world has to be considered from the very beginning. Does the manor date from the See also:Roman Empire, or not? Can its See also:chief features betraced in Roman institutions ? There can be no doubt that at the end of the Roman See also:period certain traits are noticeable which might, under favourable conditions, develop into a manorial See also:combination. See also:Great estates with political functions, populations subjected to the political lordship of landowners, appear in the closing centuries of the empire, and have to be reckoned with as precursors of See also:medieval manorial life. The See also:original organization of the See also:ancient world was built up on the self-government of cities and on the See also:sharp distinction between citizens and slaves. Both features were gradually modified by the Roman Empire. Self-government was atrophied by bureaucratic interference; the economy based on the exploitation of slaves began to give way before relations in which the elements of freedom and See also:serfdom were oddly mixed. During the last centuries of its existence the Western Empire became more and more a See also:conglomerate of barbaric and See also:half-civilized populations, and it is not See also:strange that the characteristic germs, of feudalism began to show them-selves within its territory as well as outside it. As far as political institutions are concerned, we See also:notice that the central See also:power, after claiming an See also:absolute sway over its subjects, is obliged more and more to lean on private forces in See also:order to maintain itself. One of its favourite resources in the 4th and 5th centuries consists in making great landowners responsible for the See also:good behaviour of their tenants and even of their less important neighbours. The saltus, the great domain, is occasion-ally recognized as a See also:separate district exempt from the See also:ordinary See also:administration of the See also:city, subordinated to its owner in respect of taxes and See also:police. Even in ordinary estates (fundi) there is a tendency to make the landowner responsible for military See also:conscription, for the presentation of criminals to See also:justice. On the other See also:hand the incumbents of ecclesiastical offices are nominated in accordance with the wishes of patrons among the landowners; in the administration of justice the See also:influence of this same class makes itself See also:felt more and more. Nor are signs of a convergent evolution wanting on the economic See also:side. Slaves are used more and more as small householders provided with rural tenements and burdened with rents and services. See also:Free See also:peasant farmers holding by free agreement get more and more reduced to a status of half-free settlers occupying their tenancies on the strength of custom and traditional ascription to the See also:glebe. Eventually this status is recognized as a distinct class by imperial legislation. Ominous symptoms of growing political disruption and of an aristocratic transformation of society were visible everywhere at the See also:close of the empire. Yet there could be no talk of a manorial See also:system as See also:long as the empire and the commercial intercourse protected by it continued to exist. The fall of the empire hastened the course of evolution. It brought into prominence barbaric tribes who were unable to uphold either the political power or the economic system of the See also:Romans. The Germans had from old certain manorial features in the constitution of their government and husbandry. The owner of a See also:house had always been possessed of a certain political power within its precincts, as well as within the fenced See also:area surrounding it: the See also:peace of the dwelling and the peace of the hedged-in yard were recognized by the legal customs of all the See also:German tribes. The aristocratic superiority of warriors over all classes engaged in See also:base peaceful See also:work was also deeply engraved in the minds of the fighting and conquering tribes. On the other hand the downfall of complicated forms of See also:civilization and See also:civil inter-course rendered necessary a kind of subjection in which tributary labourers were See also:left to a certain extent to See also:manage their own affairs. The Germanic conqueror was unable to move slaves about like See also:draughts: he had no See also:scope for a complicated administration of See also:capital and work. The natural outcome was to have recourse to serfdom with its convenient system of See also:tribute and services.
But, as in the See also:case of the Roman Empire, the formation of See also:regular manors was held back for a time in the See also:early Germanic monarchies by the lingering influence of tribal organization. In the second period of medieval development in See also:continental See also:Europe, in the Carolingian See also:epoch, the features of the estate as a political unit are more sharply marked. Notwithstanding the immense efforts of See also: The scope of the first three subdivisions is sufficientlyexplained by their names; the See also:fourth concerned cases arising from See also:subinfeudation. As a See also:rule the See also:baron or seigneur sat in justice with a See also:court of assessors or peers, but the constitution of such courts varied a great See also:deal. They represented partly the See also:succession of the old popular courts with their scabini, partly courts of vassals and tenants, In strict feudal See also:law an See also:appeal was allowed from a See also:lower to a higher court only in a case of a denial of justice (denie de justice), not in See also:error or revision of See also:sentence. This rule was, however, very often infringed, and gave way ultimately before the restoration of royal justice.
(b) The economic. fabric of the See also:French seigneurie varied greatly, according to localities. In the See also:north of France it was not unlike that of the English manor. The capital See also:messuage, or See also:castle, and the See also:home-See also:farm of the See also:lord, were surrounded by dependent holdings, censives, paying See also:rent, and villein tenements burdened with services. Between these tenancies there were various ties of neighbourhood and economic solidarity recalling the open-See also: Yet even there the dependent households were arranged into mansi or colonicae, subjected to approximately equal impositions in respect of rents and services. In any case the characteristic See also:dualism of manorial life, the combined working of a central home-farm, and of its economic satellites providing necessary help in the way of services; and contributing towards the formation of manorial stores, is quite as much a feature of French as of English medieval husbandry. (c) The social relations between the manorial lord and his subjects are marked by various forms of the exploitation of the latter by the former. ' Apart from jurisdictional profits, rents and agricultural services, dues of all kinds are exacted from the rural population. Some of these dues have to be traced to servile origins, although they were evidently gradually extended to See also:groups of See also:people who were not descended from downright serfs but had lapsed into a state of considerable subjection. The See also:main merle of rustic tenants meant that they had no goods of their own, but held movable property on sufferance without the right of passing it on to their successors. As a matter of fact, sons were admitted to See also:inheritance after their fathers, and sometimes succession was extended to other relatives, but the person taking inheritance paid" a heavy See also:fine for entering into See also:possession, or gave up a See also:horse, an ox, or some other especially valuable piece of property. The formariage corresponded to the English merchetum, and was exacted from rustics on the See also:marriage of their daughters. Although this See also:payment assumed very different shapes, and sometimes only appeared in case consorts belonged to different lords, it was considered a badge of serfdom. Chevage (capitagium) might be exacted as a See also:poll-tax from all the unfree inhabitants of a seigneurie, or, more especially, from those who left it to look for sustenance abroad. The power of the lord as a land-owner was more particularly expressed in his right of pre-emption (retrait seigneurial), and in taxes on See also:alienation (lads et ventes). As a person wielding political authority, a kind of See also:sovereignty, the lord enjoyed See also:divers rights which are commonly attributed to the state-the right of coining See also:money, of levying See also:direct taxes and See also:toll (tallagium, tolneta) and of instituting monopolies. These latter were of common occurrence, and might take the shape, for instance, of forcing the inhabitants to make use of the lord's See also: Another See also:factor which plays a great part in the, gradual See also:process of infeudation is the rise of private jurisdictions, which falls chiefly into the loth and nth centuries. The struggle against Northmen, See also:Magyars and Slays gave a crowning See also:touch to the process of localization of political life and of the aristocratic constitution of society. In order to describe the full-grown continental manor of the r rth See also:century it is better to take French examples-than German, See also:Italian or See also:Spanish. Feudalism' in France attained the greatest extension and utmost regularity, while in other European countries it was hampered and intermixed with other institutional features. The expression best corresponding to the English " manor," in the sense of an organized district, was seigneurie. Manoir is in use, and is, of course, a French word corresponding to manerium, but it meant strictly " See also:mansion " or chief See also:homestead in France. Baronie is another See also:term which might be employed in some instances as an See also:equivalent of the English manor, but, in a sense, it designates only one See also:species of a larger genus, the estate of a full baron in contrast to a See also:mere See also:knight's See also:fee, as well as to a principality. Some of the attributes of a baron are, however, typical, as the purest expression of manorial rights, and may be used in a See also:general characterization of the latter. The seigneurie may be considered from three points of view—as a unit of administration, as an economic unit, and as a See also:union of social classes. (a) In principle the disruption of political life brought about by feudalism ought to have resulted in the complete administrative See also:independence of the manor. Chaque baron est souverain dons sa baronie is a See also:proverb meant to See also:express this See also:radical view of manorial separatism. As a matter of fact this separatism was never completely realized, and even at the time of the greatest prevalence of feudalism the little sovereigns of France were combined into a loose federation of independent fiefs. Still, the proverb was not a mere See also:play of words, and it took a long time for the See also:kings of France to break in potentates, like the little Sire de See also:Coucy in the immediate vicinity of See also:Paris, who sported in his See also:crest the self-complacent See also:motto: Je ne suis ni See also:comte, ni See also:marquis, je suis le sire de Coucy. The institutional expression of this aspect of feudalism in the life of the seigneurie was the jurisdiction combined with the latter. The See also:principal origin of this jurisdiction was the dismemberment of royal justice, the acquisition by certain landowners of the right of holding royal pleas. The See also:assumption of authority over public tribunals of any kind was naturally considered as equivalent to such a transmission of royal right. But other See also:sources may be noticed also.. It was,assumed by French feudal law that in all cases when land was granted by a seigneur in subinfeudation the recipients would be bound to appear as members of a court of tenants for the See also:settlement of conflicts in of See also:Westminster in 1285 marked the utmost limit of enclosure allowed in the 13th century. Below the lord and the free -ten-ants came the villeins, natives, bondmen, or holders of virgates or yard-lands, each holding a house, a fixed- number of See also:acre strips, a See also:share of. the meadow and of the profits of the See also:waste. The number of strips so held was usually about See also:thirty; but virgates,of fifteen acresor even eighty are not unknown. In any one manor, however, the holdings of all the villeins were equal. Normally the holder of a virgate was unfree; he had Rights of no rights in the See also:eye of the, law against his lord, who vluetns. was protected from all suits by the exceptio vtllenagii; he could not without leave quit the manor, and could be re-claimed by process of law if he did; the strict contention of law deprived him of all right to hold property; and in many cases he was subject to certain degrading incidents, such as merchet (merchetum, )•, a payment due~to the lord upon the marriage of a daughter, which was regarded as a See also:special See also:mark of unfree See also:condition. But there are certain limitations to be made. Firstly, all these incidents of tenure, even merchet, might not affect the personal status of the See also:tenant; he might still be free, though holding by an unfree tenure; secondly, even if unfree, he was not exposed to the arbitrary will of his lord but was protected by the, custom of the manor as interpreted by the manor court. Moreover, he was not a slave, he was not bought and sold apart from his holding. The hardship of his condition lay in the services due from him. As a rule a villein paid for his holding in money, in labour and in kind. In money he paid, firstly, a small fixed rent called rent of See also:assize; and, secondly, dues under various names, partly in lieu of services commuted into money payments, and partly for the privileges and profits enjoyed by him on the waste of the manor. In labour he paid more heavily. Week by week he had to come with his own plough and oxen to plough the lord's See also:demesne; when ploughing was done he had to See also:harrow, to reap the crops, to thresh and carry them, or do what-ever might be required of him, until his allotted number of days' labourin the See also:year was done. Beyond this his lord might See also:request ?of him- extra days in harvest or other-seasons: of emergency, and these See also:requests could not be denied. Further, all the See also:carriage of the manor was provided by the villeins, even to places as much as a See also:hundred See also:miles away from the manor. The mending of the ploughs, hedging, ditching, sheepshearing and other See also:miscellaneous work also See also:fell upon him, and it is sometimes hard to see what time, remained to him to work upon his own holding. In kind he usually rendered See also:honey, eggs, chickens and perhaps a ploughshare," but these payments were almost -always small in value. Another. class of inhabitants remains to be mentioned —the cotters. These are the poor of. the manor, cotters. who hold a cottage and See also:garden, or perhaps one acre or half an acre in the See also:fields. They were unfree in condition, and in most manors their services were modelled upon those of the villeins. From their ranks were usually See also:drawn the shepherd of the manor, the See also:bee-keeper and other See also:minor officials of the manor.
A complicated organization necessarily involves administrators., Just as the services of the tenants and even their names vary from manor to manor, so does the nature, of the See also:staff: Highest in See also:rank came the steward; he was attached to no manor in particular, but controlled a See also:group, travelling from one to another to take accounts, to hold the courts, and generally represent the lord. Under him are the See also:officers of staft the several manors. First came the See also:bailiff or See also:beadle,
the representative of the lord in the manor; his See also:duty was to collect the rents and services, to gather in the lord's crops and See also:account for the receipts and See also:expenditure of the manor. Closely connected with him was the messor " or reaper; in many cases, indeed, "reaper" seems to have been only another name for the bailiff. But the villeins were not without their own officer, the See also:provost or See also:reeve. His duty was to arrange the See also:distribution of the services due from the tenants, and, as their representative, to assist the bailiff in the management of the manor. Sometimes the same See also:man appears to have united both offices, and we find .the reeve accounting to the, lord for the issues of the manor.
The struggle of the military See also:aristocracy and of ecclesiastical institutions with common freedom was more protracted than in France or England; the lordships very often took the shape of disparate rights over holdings and groups of population scattered over wide tracts of country and intermixed with estates and inhabitants subjected to entirely different authority. Therefore the aspect of German manorialism is more confused and heterogeneous than that of the French or English -systems. One remarkable feature of it is the consistent separation of criminal justice from other kinds of jurisdiction on See also: Episcopal See also:sees and abbeys delegated their share of criminal justice to lay magnates in the neighbourhood (Vogtei), and this See also:division of power became a source of various conflicts and of many entangled relations. The main lines of German manorialism are not radically different from those of France and England. The communal See also:element, the Dorfverband, is usually more strongly See also:developed than in France, and assumes a forth more akin to the English township. But there were regions, e.g. See also:Westphalia, where the population had settled in separate farms (Hofsystcm), and where the communal solidarity was reduced to a union for administrative purposes and for the use of pasture. It need hardly be added that every step in the direction of more active economic intercourse and more efficient public authority tended .to lessen the influence of the manorial system in so far as the latter was based on the localization of govern= ment, natural husbandry and aristocratic authority. See Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions de la France, especially the volumes " L' Alleu et le domaine rural "and " L'Invasion germanique "; Beaudouin, See also:Les Grands domains dans 1'empire remain " (Nouvelle revue de droit See also:francais et stranger, 1898) ; J. See also:Flach, Les Origines de l'ancienne France, I., II., III. (1886); See also:Paul See also:Viollet, Histoire des institutions de la France, I., II. (189o, 1898) ; A. See also:Luchaire; See also:Manuel des institutions francaises (1892); G. See also:Waitz, Deutsche Ver. fassungsgeschichte, I.–VIII. (1865–1883); K. T. von Inama-Sternegg, Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte, I., II. (1879–1891); K. Lamprecht, Deutsches Wirthschaftsleben, I. IV. (1885) ; A. Meitzen, Ansiedelungen, Wanderungen and Agrarwesen der -Volker Europas, I.-IV. (1895 ff.) ; W. Wittich, See also:Die Grundkerrschaft: in Nordwestdeutschland (1896); G. F. von See also:Maurer, Geschichte der Mark-, Dorf- and Hofverfassung"in Deutschland; and F. Seebohm, The English Village Community (1883). (P. VI.) The Manor in England.—It will be most convenient to describe a typical English manor in its best known period, the 13th century, and to indicate briefly the modifications of the type which varying conditions may produce. Topographically such a manor consisted partly of the houses of the inhabitants more or less closely clustered together, and surrounded by arable land divided into large fields, two or three in number. Each of these fields was divided again into shots or furlongs, and each of the shots was broken up into cultivated strips a See also:pole wide, each containing an acre, separated by narrow balks of See also:turf. There were also certain meadows for supplying See also:hay; and beyond the cultivated land lay the See also:wood and waste of the manor. Portions of arable or meadow land might be found apart from the organi- zation of the See also:remainder; the lord of the manor might have a See also:park, and each householder a garden, but the land of the manor was the open fields, the meadows and the wastes or common. The condition of the inhabitants of such a manor is as complex as its See also:geography. At the See also:head of the society came the lord of the manor, with his hall, court, or manor-house, and the land immediately about it, and his demesne both in the fields and in the meadow land. The arable demesne consisted of certain of the acre strips lying scattered over the various furlongs; his meadow was a See also:por- tion assigned to him each year by the custom of the manor. He had also rights over the surrounding waste See also:paramount to those enjoyed by the other inhabitants. Part of his demesne land would• be granted out to free tenants to hold at a rent or by military or other service; part would be in the lord's own hands, and cultivated by him. Each part so granted out will carry with it a share in the meadow land and in the profits of the waste. These rights of the free tenants over the waste limited the lord's power over it. He could not by enclosure diminish their See also:interest in it. The See also:statute of Merton in 1236 and the second statute Rights of Lord and Tenants. To these important officials may be added a number of smaller ones, the shepherd, the swineherd, the beekeeper, the cowherd, the ploughman and so on, mostly selected from the cotters, and occupying their small holdings by the services expressed ih their titles. The number varies with the constitution and needs of each estate, and they are often replaced by hired labour. The most complicated structure in the system is the manor court. The complication is, indeed, partly the work of lawyers Manor interpreting institutions they did not ,understand by court. formulae not adapted to describe them. But be- yond this there remain the facts that the court was the See also:meeting-point of the lord and the tenants, both free and unfree, that any question touching on the power and constitution of the court was bound to affect the interests of the lord and the tenants, and that there was no See also:external power capable of settling such questions as did arise. Amid this See also:maze a few clear lines can be laid down. In the first place, so' far as the r3th century' goes, all the discussion that has collected about the terms court leet, court baron and court customary may be put aside; it relates to questions which in the 13th century wereionly just emerging. The manor court at that date etercisecL its criminal, civil, or manorial jurisdiction as one"court ; it's names may differ, the parties before it may be free or unfree, but the court is the' same. Its See also:president was the lord's steward; the bailiff was the lord's representative and the public prosecutor; and the tenants of the manor, both free and unfree, attended at the court and gave See also:judgment in the cases brought before it. To modern.ears the constitution sounds unfamiliar. The president of the court' settled the See also:procedure of the court, carried it out, and gave the final sentence, but over the law of the court he had no power. All that is comprised in the word "judgment '' was settled by the See also:body of tenants See also:present at the court. This attendance was, indeed, compulsory, and See also:absence subjected to a fine any tenant owing and refusing the service known as " suit of court.''! It may be asked who in these courts • settled questions of •fact. The See also:answer must be that disputed questions of fact could only be settled, in one way, by See also:ordeal; and that in See also:mina ,dnahbtial courts the method employed was the See also:wager of law.' The business of the court may be divided: into criminal, manorial; and civil. Its See also:powers under the first head depended on the ;franchises enjoyed by the lord in the particular manor; for the most part only See also:petty offences were triable, such as small, thefts, breaches of the assize of See also:bread' and See also:ale, assaults, and theelike;' except under special conditions, the justice of great offences remained in the king. But offences against the custom of the manor, such as See also:bad ploughing, improper taking of wood from the lord's woods, and the like, were of course the See also:staple criminal business of the court. Under the head of manorial business the court dealt with the choice of the manorial Officers, and had some' power of making regulations for theenanagement of 'the manor; but its most important. See also:function was the recording of the surrenders and admittances of the villein tenants. Into th,e' history and meaning of this form of land See also:transfer it is not' necessary to enter here. But it" must be! noted, that the See also:conveyance of a villein's holding was effected by the vendor surrendering his, land to the lord, who thereupon admitted the purchaser to the holding. The same procedure was employed in all cases of transfer of land, and the transaction was regulaady recorded upon the rolls of the court among the. records of all the other business transacted there. Finally, " the court. dealt with ' all suits as to land within the manor, questions of See also:dower and inheritance, and with civil suits not connected with land. But it need hardly be said that in an ordinary rural manor very few of these would occur.
It will be clear on See also:consideration that the manor court as here described consisted of conflicting elements' of very different origin and history. Founded partly on express grants of franchises, partly on the inherent right of a feudal lord to hold a court for his free tenants, partly on the obscure community traceable among the unfree inhabitants of the manor, it is incapable of strict legal definition. All these elements, moreover, .contain in themselves reasons for the decay which gradually came overthe system. The history of the decay of the manorial jurisdictions in England has not yet been written. On the one hand were the king's courts, with new and improved processes of law; on the other hand` the gradual disintegration which marks the history of the manor during the 14th and 15th centuries. The criminal jurisdiction was the first to disappear, and was closely followed by the civil jurisdiction over the free tenants; and in modern times all that is left is the jurisdiction over the customary tenants and their holdings, and that in an attenuated form. . A few words must be given to the legal theories of the 15th century
on the manor court. It would seem to have become the law that to the existence ef the manor two courts were necessary—a court customary for customary tenants, and a court baron for free tenants. In the court customary the lord's steward is the judge; in the court baron the freeholders are the See also:judges. If the freeholders in the manor diminish to less than two in number the court baron cannot beheld, and the manor perishes. Nor can it be revived by the See also: The customary tenants and the court customary may survive, but the manor is only. a reputed manor. Of the 13th century all this is untrue, but even at that date the existence of free tenants was in a'measure essential to the existence of the manor court. If there were none the jurisdiction of the court over free tenants of course collapsed; but in addition to this the lord also lost his power of exercising the highest criminal franchises, even if he otherwise possessed them; he could, for instance, no longer hang a murderer on his own gallows. Perhaps it may be said that to the exercise of the feudal power and of the royal franchises the presence of free tenants was necessary.. But it is clear that no such condition was necessary to the existence of the manor. Apart from the See also:change in the court of the manor, the most important See also:thread id its history is the process which converted the villein into the copyholder. Here again the subject is imperfectly explored, and part of it is still subject to controversy. In the strict view of contemporary lawyers the holding of the villein tenant of the 13th century was at the will of the lord, and the king's courts of law would not protect him in his possession. If, however, the villein were a tenant on the king's ancient demesne his condition was improved. The writs of monstraverunt and the little See also:writ of right close protected him from the improper exaction of services and from ejection by the lord. But in ordinary manors there was no such See also:immunity. That ejection was common cannot be believed, but it was legally possible; and it was not until the well-known decision of Denby, C .J-, ,and See also:Bryan, C.J., in Edw. IV,; that the courts of law would entertain enaction of ttespassbrought against his lord by a customary tenant. Froui that datethe courts, both of law and See also:equity, begin to intervene; and the records 'of the Courts of See also:Star Chamber and Requests show that in the Tudor period equitable suits brought by tenants against their lords bre!not infrequent. Side by side with the alteration in the legal condition of the manor there went on an economic change. The labour rents and other services slowly disappeared, and were replaced by money payments. The field divisions gave way before inciosures, effected sometimes by the lords and sometimes by; the tenants. Change in legal and agricultural practice went on side by side, and'finally the manor ceased to be an important social form, and became only a See also:peculiar form of land tenure and the See also:abode of antiquarian curiosities. See G. L. von Maurer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der Hof-, Mark-, Dorf- uted.Stadtverfassung in Deutschland (See also:Erlangen, 1856) ;, G. Neese, Zur Geeschichte der onittelalterlichen Feldgemeinschaft in England (See also:Bonn,. 1869) ; H. S. See also:Maine, Village Communities in the See also:East and See also:West (See also:Cambridge, 1872) ; F. Seebohm, The English Village Community (1883); W. J. See also:Ashley, English Economic History, pts. i. (i888-1893) ; F. W. See also:Maitland, Select Fleas in Manorial Courts (See also:London, See also:Selden Society, 1888); P. See also:Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England (See also:Cam-See also:bridge,, 1892) ; The Growth pf the Manor (1905) and English Society in the zith Century (1908) ; A. Meltzer', Siedelung and Agrarwesen'sler Westgermtinen and Ostgermanen '(See also:Berlin, 1896); W. See also:Cunningham, Growth ' of English See also:Industry and See also:Commerce (Cambridge, 1896); F. See also:Pollock and F. W. Maitland, History of English Law (Cambridge, 1896); F% W.Maitland,Doomsday See also:Book and Beyond (Cambridge, 1897) ; and C. M. See also:Andrews; The Old English Manor (1892). (C. G. CR;)
MANOR-HOUSE (See also:Lat.' manerium; Fr. manoir), in See also:architecture, the name given to the dwelling-house of the lord of the manor. The manor-house was generally arranged for See also:defence against robbers' and thieves and was often surrounded by a See also:moat with drawbridge, but was not provided with a keep or with towers or lofty See also:curtain walls so as to stand a See also:siege. The early buildings were comparatively small, square in See also:plan, comprising a hall with one or two adjacent See also:chambers; at a later period wings were ,• added, thus forming three sides of a quadrangle, like the house: designed by See also: In England the principal examples of which remains exist are the manor-houses of See also:Appleton, See also:Berkshire, with a moat; King John's house at Warnford (See also:Hampshire); Boothby Ragnell, See also:Lincolnshire, with traces of moat; Godmersham, See also:Kent; Little Wenham Hall, See also:Suffolk, built partly in See also:brick and See also:flint, and one of the earliest in which the bricks, probably imported from See also:Flanders, are found; Charney Hall, Berkshire (T-shaped in plan in two storeys) ; Longthorpe House, near See also:Peterborough s.Stokesay, Shropshire, already referred to; Cottesford, See also:Oxfordshire; \ oodcroft, See also:Northamptonshire; See also:Acton See also:Burnell, Shropshire; Old Soar, Plaxtol, Kent, in two storeys, the ground See also:storey vaulted and used as cellar and storehouse, and the upper floor with hall, See also:solar and chapel. The See also:foundation of all these See also:dates from the 13th century. Ightham Mote, Kent, portions of which, with the moat, date from the 14th century, is one of the best preserved manor-houses; then follow Norborough Hall, Northamptonshire; Creslow manor-house, Bucks, with moat; See also:Sutton See also:Courtenay, Berkshire; the Court See also:Lodge, Great See also:Chart, Kent; See also:Stanton St Quentin, Great Chatfield, and South Wraxhall, all in Wilts; Meare manor-house, See also:Somerset; Ockwell, Berks; Kingfield manor-house, See also:Derbyshire; See also:Kirby Muxloe, See also:Leicestershire; Stoke See also:Albany, Northamptonshire; and, rn'the 16th century, Large Matney Hall,. See also:Essex (1520) ; Sutton Place, See also:Surrey (1530) ; the Vyne, Hampshire, already influenced by'the first See also:Renaissance. In the 17th and 18th centuries the manor-house is generally rectangular in plan, and, though well and solidly built, would seem to have been erected more with a view to See also:internal comfort than to exterior embellishments. There is one other type of manor-house, which partakes of the See also:character of the castle in its design, and takes the form of a See also:tower, rectangular or square, with angle turrets and in several storeys; in France it is represented by the manor-houses of St Medard near See also:Bordeaux and Camarsae (See also:Dordogne), and in England by Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire and See also:Middleton Tower, See also:Norfolk,, both being in brick. (R. P. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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