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CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MAR...

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 823 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CHAMBORD, See also:HENRI See also:CHARLES See also:FERDINAND See also:MARIE DIEUDONNE, See also:COMTE DE (182o-1883) , the "See also:King See also:Henry V." of the See also:French See also:legitimists, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 29th of See also:September 1820. His See also:father was the duc de See also:Berry, the See also:elder son of the comte d'See also:Artois (afterwards Charles X.); his See also:mother was the princess See also:Caroline Ferdinande See also:Louise of See also:Naples. Born seven months after the assassination of his father, he was hailed as the " enfant du See also:miracle," and was made the subject of one of Lamartine's most famous poems. He was created duc de See also:Bordeaux, and in 1821, as the result of a subscription organized by the See also:government, received the See also:chateau of Chambord. He was educated by tutors inspired by detestation of the French Revolution and its principles, and from the duc de Damas in particular imbibed those ideas of divine right and of devotion to the See also:Church to which he always remained true. After the revolution of See also:July, Charles X. vainly endeavoured to See also:save the See also:Bourbon cause by abdicating in his favour and proclaiming him king under the See also:title of Henry V. (See also:August 2, 1830). The comte de Chambord accompanied his grandfather into See also:exile, and resided successively at Holyrood, See also:Prague, and See also:Gorz. In 1841, during an extensive tour through See also:Europe, he See also:broke his leg—an See also:accident that resulted in permanent lameness. The See also:death of his grandfather, Charles X., in 1836, and of his See also:uncle, the duc d'See also:Angouleme, in 1844, See also:left him the last male representative of the elder See also:branch of the Bourbon See also:family; and his See also:marriage with the archduchess Maria See also:Theresa, eldest daughter of the See also:duke of See also:Modena (See also:November 7, 1846), remained without issue. The title to the See also:throne thus passed to the comte de Paris, as representative of the See also:Orleans branch of the See also:house of Bourbon, and the See also:history of the comte de Chambord's See also:life is largely an See also:account of the efforts made to unite the Royalist party by effecting a reconciliation between the two princes. Though he continued to hold an informal See also:court, both on his travels and at his See also:castle of Frohsdorf, near See also:Vienna, yet he allowed the revolution of 1848 and the coup d'etat of 1851 to pass without any decisive assertion of his claims.

It was the See also:

Italian See also:war of 1859, with its menace to the See also:pope's See also:independence, that roused him at last to activity. He declared himself ready " to pay with his See also:blood for the See also:triumph of a cause which was that of See also:France, the Church, and See also:God himself." Making See also:common cause with the Church, the Royalists now began an active See also:campaign against the See also:Empire. On the 9th of See also:December 1866 he addressed a manifesto to See also:General See also:Saint-See also:Priest, in which he declared the cause of the pope to be that of society and See also:liberty, and held out promises of See also:retrenchment, See also:civil and religious liberty, " and above all honesty." Again, on the 4th of September 187o, after the fall of the Empire, he invited Frenchmen to accept a government " whose basis was right and whose principle was honesty," and promised to drive the enemy from French See also:soil. These vague phrases, offered as a See also:panacea to a nation fighting for its life, showed conclusively his want of all See also:political See also:genius; they had as little effect on the French as his protest against the See also:bombardment of Paris had on the Germans. Yet See also:fortune favoured him. The elections placed the Republican party in a minority in the See also:National See also:Assembly; the See also:abrogation of the See also:law of exile against the royal family permitted him to return to his castle of Chambord; and it was thence that on the 5th of July 1871 he issued a See also:proclamation, in which for the first See also:time he publicly posed as king, and declared that he would never abandon the See also:white See also:standard of the Bourbons, " the See also:flag of Henry IV., See also:Francis I., and See also:Joan of Arc," for the tricolour of the Revolution. He again quitted France, and answered the attempts to make him renounce his claims in favour of the comte de Paris by the See also:declaration (See also:January 25, 1872) that he would never abdicate. In the following See also:month he held a See also:great gathering of his adherents at See also:Antwerp, which was the cause of serious disturbances. A constitutional See also:programme, signed by some 28o members of the National Assembly, was presented for his See also:acceptance, but without result. The fall of See also:Thiers in May 1873, however, offered an opportunity to the Royalists by which they hastened to profit. The comte de Paris and the See also:prince de See also:Joinville journeyed to Frohsdorf, and were formally reconciled with the See also:head of the family (August 5). The Royalists were See also:united, the premier (the duc de See also:Broglie) an open adherent, the See also:president (See also:MacMahon) a benevolent neutral.

MM. Lucien Brun and See also:

Chesnelong were sent to interview the comte de Chambord at See also:Salzburg, and obtain the definite assurances that alone were wanting. They returned with the See also:news that he accepted the principles of the French Revolution and the tricolour flag. But a See also:letter to Chesnelong, dated Salzburg, 27th of See also:October, declared that he had been misunderstood: he would give no guarantees; he would not inaugurate his reign by an See also:act of weakness, nor become " le roi legitime de la Revolution." " Je suis le pilote necessaire," he added, " le seul capable de conduire le navire au See also:port, parce que j'ai See also:mission et autorite pour cela." This outspoken adherence to the principle of divine right did See also:credit to his honesty, but it cost him the See also:crown. The duc de Broglie carried the septennate, and the See also:Republic steadily established itself in popular favour. A last effort was made in the National Assembly in See also:June 1874 by the duc de la Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia, who formally moved the restoration of the. See also:monarchy. The comte de Chambord on the 2nd of July issued a fresh manifesto, which added nothing to his former declarations. The See also:motion was rejected by 272 to 79, and on the 25th of See also:February 1875 the Assembly definitely adopted the Republic as the national See also:form of government. From this time the comte de Chambord, though continuing to publish letters on political affairs, made no further effort to regain the throne. He died at Frohsdorf on the 24th of August 1883. See Manifestes et programmes politiques de M. le comte de Chambord, 1848-1873 (1873), and Correspondance de la famille royale et principalement de Mgr. le comte de Chambord avec le comte de See also:Bouille (1884). Of the enormous literature See also:relating to him, mention may be made of Henri V et la monarchic traditionnelle (1871), Le Comte de Chambord etudie dans ses voyages et sa See also:correspondence (1880), and Henri de France, by H. de Pene (1885).

(H.

End of Article: CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

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