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SALZBURG

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 106 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SALZBURG , See also:

capital of the See also:Austrian duchy and crownland of Salzburg and formerly of the archbishopric of the same name, 195 M. W. by S. of See also:Vienna by See also:rail. Pop. (1900) 32, 934• The See also:city` occupies a position of singular beauty on the Salzach which passes at this point between two isolated hills, the Monchsberg (1646 ft.) on the See also:left and the Capuzinerberg (2132 ft.) on the right. In the lovely valley so formed, and stretching into the See also:plain beyond, lies Salzburg. The older and See also:main See also:part of the city lies on the left See also:bank of the Salzach, in a narrow semicircular plain at the See also:base of the Monchsberg; the newer See also:town is on the right bank at the See also:foot of the Capuzinerberg, which is separated from the See also:river by the narrow suburb of See also:Stein. At the S. of the old town, below the Nonnberg, of S.E. See also:spur of the Monchsberg, is the suburb of Nonnthal; and at the N. end is Miilln. The steep sides of the Monchsberg rise directly from amidst the houses of the town, some of which have cellars and rooms hewn out of the See also:rock; and the See also:ancient See also:cemetery of St See also:Peter, the See also:oldest in Salzburg, is bounded by a See also:row of vaults cut in the See also:side of the See also:hill. The narrowest part of the See also:ridge, which has a length of above 2 M. is pierced by the Neu See also:Thor, a See also:tunnel 436 ft. See also:long and 23 ft. broad, completed in 1767, to See also:form a convenient passage from the town to the open plain. The S. end of the Monchsberg is occupied by the imposing Hohen-Salzburg, a citadel originally founded in the 9th See also:century, though the See also:present buildings, the towers of which rise 400 ft. above the town, date chiefly from 1496—1519. Its See also:chapel contains statues of the twelve apostles in red See also:marble. The citadel is now used for See also:barracks.

The streets in the older quarters are narrow, crooked and gloomy; but the newer parts of the city, especially those laid out since the removal of the fortifications about 1861, are handsome and spacious. Owing to the frequent fires the private buildings of Salzburg are comparatively See also:

modern; and the existing houses, lavishly adorned with marble, are, like many of the public buildings, monuments of the gorgeous See also:taste of the archbishops of the 17th and 18th centuries. From the See also:style of the houses, the numerous open squares, and the abundant fountains which give an See also:Italian aspect to the town, Salzburg has received the name of " the See also:German See also:Rome." Both sides of the river are bordered by See also:fine promenades, planted with trees. The Salzach is spanned by four See also:bridges, including a railway See also:bridge. Salzburg is full of See also:objects and buildings of See also:interest. The See also:cathedral, one of the largest and most perfect specimens of the See also:Renaissance style in See also:Germany, was built in 1614—1668 by the Italian architect Santino Solari, in See also:imitation of St Peter's at Rome. On three sides it is bounded by the Dom-Platz, the Kapitel-Platz and the Residenz-Platz; and opening on the N.E. and N.W. of the last are the See also:Mozart-Platz and the Markt-Platz. In the Mozart-Platz .is a statue of Mozart by See also:Schwanthaler erected in 1842. On one side of the Residenz-Platz is the See also:palace, an irregular though imposing See also:building in the Italian style, begun in 1592 and finished in 1725. It contains a picture-See also:gallery and is now occupied by the See also:grand-See also:duke of See also:Tuscany. Opposite is the Neu Bau, begun in 1588, in which are the See also:government offices and the See also:law courts. In the See also:middle of the Residenz-Platz is a handsome See also:fountain, the Residenz-Brennen, 46 ft. high, executed in marble by See also:Antonio Dario in 1664–1680.

The palace of the present See also:

archbishop is in the Kapitel-Platz. Across the river, with its See also:French See also:garden adjoining the public See also:park, is the Mirabell palace, formerly the summer See also:residence of the archbishops. Built in 1607, and restored after a See also:fire in 1818, it was presented to the town in 1867 by the See also:emperor See also:Francis See also:Joseph. The town See also:hall of Salzburg was built in 1407 and restored in 1675. Other interesting See also:secular buildings are the Chiemseehof, founded in' 05 and rebuilt in 1697, formerly the palace of the See also:suffragan See also:bishop of See also:Chiemsee, and now the See also:meeting-See also:place of the Salzburg See also:diet and the Carolino-Augusteum-Museum, containing an interesting collection of antiquities and a library .of 20,000 volumes. Of the twenty-five churches the See also:majority are interesting from their antiquity, their See also:architecture or their associations. Next to the cathedral, the See also:chief is perhaps the See also:abbey See also:church of St Peter, a Romanesque See also:basilica of the See also:lath century which was tastelessly restored in 1745, and which contains a See also:monument to St See also:Rupert. St See also:Margaret's, in the midst of St Peter's See also:churchyard, built in 1485, and restored in 1865, is situated near the See also:cave in the side of the Monchsberg, said to have been the hermitage of St See also:Maximus, who was martyred by the See also:pagan See also:Heruli in 477. The Franciscan church, with an elegant See also:tower built in 1866, is an interesting example of the transition style of the 13th century, with later See also:baroque additions. St See also:Sebastian s, on the right bank, built in 1505–1512 and restored in 1812, contains the See also:tomb of See also:Paracelsus, who died here. The oldest and most important of the eight convents at Salzburg is the See also:Benedictine abbey of St Peter founded by St Rupert as the See also:nucleus of the city. It was completely rebuilt in 1131 and contains a library of 40,000 volumes, besides See also:MSS.

The Capuchin monastery, dating from 1599, gives name to the Capuzinerberg. The oldest nunnery is that founded on the Nonnberg by St Rupert, the See also:

Gothic church of which See also:dates from 1423 and contains some fine stained See also:glass and some old frescoes. The single See also:Protestant church in Salzburg was not built until 1865. A theological See also:seminary is the only relic now left of the university of Salzburg, founded in 1623 and suppressed in 181o. The city is the see of an archbishop with a cathedral See also:chapter arid a See also:consistory. Salzburg, situated at an See also:altitude of 1351 ft. above See also:sea-level, has a healthy See also:climate and is visited annually by over 6o,000 tourists. It has a mean See also:annual temperature of 46.4° F. and a mean annual rainfall of 45.9 in. The town carries on a variety of small manufactures, including musical See also:instruments, See also:iron-wares, marble ornaments. Other See also:industries are See also:brewing and See also:book-binding. It was the birthplace of Mozart and of the painter Hans See also:Makart (1840—1884). The See also:house in which Mozart was See also:born has been transformed into a museum, which contains many interesting See also:relics. Numerous places of interest and beautiful spots are to be found See also:round Salzburg.

To the E. rises the Gaisberg (4206 ft.), which is ascended by a See also:

rack-and-pinion railway, which starts from Parsch. At the foot of the Gaisberg is Aigen, a renowned See also:castle and park. Three See also:miles S. of Salzburg is the palace of Hellbrunn, built about 1615, which contains a famous See also:mechanical See also:theatre and some fine fountains. About 2 M. to the S.W. of Salzburg is the castle of Leopoldskron, and from this point the Leopoldskroner Moos stretches S. to the base of the Untersberg. A few See also:peat-See also:baths, as the Ludwigsbad and the See also:Marienbad, are in the neighbourhood of Leopoldskron. Three and a See also:half miles N. of Salzburg, at an altitude of 1720 ft., stands the See also:pilgrimage church of Maria Plain, erected in 1674. The origin and development of Salzburg were alike ecclesiastical, and its See also:history is involved with that of the archbishopric to which it gave its name. The old See also:Roman town of Juvavum was laid in ruins, and the incipient See also:Christianity of the See also:district overwhelmed, by the pagan Goths and See also:Huns. The nucleus of the present city was the monastery and bishopric founded here about 700 by St Rupert of See also:Worms, who had been invited by Duke Theodo of See also:Bavaria to preach Christianity in his See also:land. The modern name of the town, due like several others in the district to the abundance of See also:salt found there, appears before the end of the 8th century. After See also:Charlemagne had taken See also:possession of Bavaria in the 8th century, Bishop See also:Arno of Salzburg was made an archbishop and papal See also:legate. Thenceforward the dignity and See also:power of the see steadily increased and in the course of See also:time the archbishops obtained high secular honours.

In I278 See also:

Rudolph of See also:Habsburg made them imperial princes. The strife between See also:lord and See also:people was always keen in Salzburg. Archbishop Leonhard II., who expelled the See also:Jews from Salzburg in 1498, had to See also:face a See also:conspiracy of the nobles and was besieged in Hohen-Salzburg by the inhabitants in 1511. The Peasants' See also:War also raged within the see in 1525 and 1526, and was only quelled with the aid of the Swabian See also:League. From the beginning an orthodox stronghold of the Roman See also:Catholic faith, Salzburg energetically opposed the See also:Reformation. Under Archbishop Wolfgang See also:Dietrich (d. 1611) many Protestant citizens were driven from the town and their houses demolished. In spite, however, of rigorous persecution the new faith spread, and a new and more searching See also:edict of See also:expulsion was issued by Archbishop See also:Leopold Anton von Firmian (d. 1744). The Protestants invoked the aid of See also:Frederick See also:William I. of See also:Prussia, who procured for them permission to sell their goods and to emigrate; and in 1731 and 1732 Salzburg parted with about 30,000 industrious and peaceful citizens, about 6000 of these coming from the capital. The last See also:independent archbishop was Hieronymus von Colloredo (1732-1812), who ruled with See also:energy and See also:justice but without gaining popularity. By the See also:peace of See also:Luneville (1802) the see was secularized and given to the See also:archduke of See also:Austria and grand-duke of Tuscany in See also:exchange for Tuscany, its new owner being enrolled among the electoral princes.

In the redistribution following the peace of See also:

Pressburg in 1805, Salzburg See also:fell to Austria. Four years later it passed to Bavaria, but after the peace of See also:Paris it was restored to Austria in 1816, except a portion on the left bank of the Salzach. Under the designation of a duchy the territory formed the See also:department of Salzach in Upper Austria until 1849, when it was made a See also:separate crownland, and finally in 1861 the management of its affairs was entrusted to a See also:local diet. The actual duchy does not correspond exactly with the old bishopric. Salzburg embraced at the time of the peace of See also:Westphalia (1648) an See also:area of 3821 sq. m. with a See also:population of 190,000. A part of its territory was ceded to Bavaria in 1814, and when Salzburg became a separate crownland in 1849 several of its districts were added to See also:Tirol. For the history of the archbishopric see Meiller, Regesta archiepiscoporum Salisburgensium, 7706—1246 (Vienna, 1866); See also:Dummler, Beztrage Sur Geschichte See also:des Erzbistums von Salzburg See also:im g-I2 Jahr-hundert (Vienna, '859); the Salzburger Urkundenbuch, edited by W. Hauthaler (Salzburg, 1899); See also:Pichler, Salzburgs Landesgeschichte (Salzburg, '865); Doblhoff, Beitrage zum Quellenstudium Salzburgischer Landeskunde (Salzburg, 1893—1895) ; Greinz, See also:Die Erzdiozese Salzburg (Vienna, 1898) ; Rieder, Kurze Geschichte des See also:Landes Salzburg (Vienna, 1905) ; E. See also:Richter, Das Herzogtum Salzburg (1881) ; Thym, Das Herzogtum Salzburg (1901), and F. von Pichl, Kritische Abhandlungen fiber die alteste Geschichte Salzburgs (See also:Innsbruck, 1889). For the town see Widmann, Geschichte Salzburgs (See also:Gotha, 1907) ; F. von Zillner, Geschichte der Stadt Salzburg (Salzburg, '885—'89o); Trautwein, Salzburg (12th ed., Innsbruck, 1901); J. Meurer, Ffihrer durch Salzburg (Vienna, 1889), and Purtscheller, Ffihrer durch Salzburg and Umgebung (Salzburg, 1905). See also C.

F. See also:

Arnold, Die Ausrottung des Protestantismus in Salzburg unter Erzbischof Firmian (1900).

End of Article: SALZBURG

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