See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

It has the greatest See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

There are about See also:

• THIRTY

By the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

(Till 1909 the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were also administered by the joint minister of finance, excepting matters exclusively dependent on the minister of war.) For the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

1900. 190.5. 232.41 231.02 229.67 226.81 224.31 Delegations.-The constitutional right of voting See also:

• MONEY

As stated above, the common army stands under the administration of the joint minister of war, while the special armies are under the administration of the respective ministries of national defence. The yearly contingent of recruits for the army is fixed by the military bills voted by the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments, and is generally determined on the basis of the population, according to the last See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

Kaschau, VII. See also:

• TEMESVAR

. 15,650,448 Total 20,762,410 Expenditure- Ministry of Foreign Affairs £485,480 Ministry of War: Army . 12,679,160 Navy . 2,306,100 Ministry of Finance 177,000 Board of Control 13,250 Extraordinary Military Expenditure 4,785,500 Extraordinary Military Expenditure in Bosnia 315,920 Total . . 420,762,410 Expenditure. 1875. 1885. 1895. 1900. 1905. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 396 3'68.7 333 433'4 493'8 Ministry of War (Army and 9005.4 10,085 12,539 13,887.5 18,o87.7 Navy) Ministry of Finance 154.2 167.2 170.4 175 177.1 Supreme Court of Accounts . 10.5 io-6 10.7 12.5 13.3 Total 9566.1 10,631.5 13,053.1 14,508.4 20,430.3 Revenue. For the above Departments 432 258.2 260.7 260.3 331.9 Customs .

. . . 997.4 402.2 4476 5202.3 4799.7 Proportional Contributions . 8136.7 9971.1 8316.4 9045.8 15,650.4 Total 9566. 1 10,631.5 13,053.1 14,508.4 _se 20,430.3 applied to the Austrian See also:

• REGULAR

. . Austrian Landwehr . . 1,883 23,905 174 • • Hungarian Honveds 2,258 21,149 262 Cavalry- 1,890 45,486 40,740 • • Common Army . . Austrian Landwehr . 170 1,861 1,282 Hungarian Honveds 390 4,170 3,510 Field Artillery . . . 1,630 27,612 14,520 1048 Fortress Artillery . . . 408 7,722 131 Technical troops 588 9,935 19 (Pioneers, and Railway and 461 4,312 3,097 • • See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

. . 20,564 336,818 64,887 1048 Belonging to the 15,863 285,733 59,659 1048 Common Army . . . Austrian Landwehr . . 2,053 25,766 1,456 . . Hungarian Honveds 2,648 25,319 3,772 The troops stationed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1905 (376 officers and 6372 men) are included in the total for the common army. The peace strength of the active army in combatants is thus about 350,000 officers and men, inclusive of the two Landwehrs and of the Austrian " K.K." See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

The Alpine frontiers, especially those in See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Raw material (including 41.5 40.5 41.8 45.9 51.9 articles of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Raw material (as above) . 34'1 34.1 35'8 39 35.3 Semi-manufactured goods . 12.6 I 1.1 11.1 12.4 12.6 Manufactured goods. . . 34.2 33.3 32'8 37.2 38.3 The most important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

The Austro-Hungarian Bank.-Common to the two states of the monarchy is the " Austro-Hungarian Bank," which possesses a legal exclusive right to the issue of bank-notes. It was founded in 1816, and had the title of the Austrian National Bank until 1878, when it received its actual name. In virtue of the new bank See also:

• STATUTE

The ,Whole Monarchy. The empire of Austria, as the official designation of the territories ruled by the Habsburg monarchy, See also:

• DATES

It had, moreover, by the compact with Hungary of 1867, ceased even fully to represent the relation of the emperor to all his dominions; and the title which had been devised to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

The southern part of the country now called Austria was inhabited before the opening of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

A series of the East margraves ruled this small district from 799 to 907, Mark. but as the Frankish empire See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

When the house of Babenberg became See also:

• EXTINCT

The traditional loyalty to the emperors, which was cemented by several marriages between the imperial house and the Babenbergs, was, however, departed from by the margrave Leopold II., and by Duke Frederick II. During the investiture struggle Leopold deserted the emperor Henry IV., who deprived him of Austria and conferred it upon Vratislav II., duke of the Bohemians. Unable to maintain his position, Vratislav was soon driven out, and in 1o83 Leopold again obtained possession of the mark, and was soon reconciled with Henry. Very similar Duke was the result of the conflict between the emperor Frederick Frederick II. and Duke Frederick II. Ignoring the t., the privilege of 1156, the emperor claimed certain rights See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

Hermann was invested by the German king, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

War was the result, and in November 1276 Ottakar submitted to Rudolph, and renounced the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia. For some time the three duchies were administered by Rudolph in his capacity as head of the Empire, of which they formed part. Not content with this tie, however, which was personal to himself alone, the king planned to make them hereditary possessions of his family, and to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

In 1314 Albert's son, Frederick, was chosen German king in opposition to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Leopold was killed in 1386 at the battle of See also:

• SEMPACH

The leading spirit in this See also:

• MOVEMENT

See also:

• CORVINUS, JANOS [JOHN] (1473–1504)

The ecclesiastical organization of Austria was imperfect, so long as there was no archbishopric within its borders, and its See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

In See also:

• JAHN, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1778-1852)
• JAHN, JOHANN (1750—1816)
• JAHN, OTTO (1813—1869)

(1564-1576), who was also king of Bohemia and Hungary, a liberal policy preserved peace, but he was unable to free his government from its humiliating position of a tributary to the Turk, and he could do nothing to found religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

(1619-1637) was strong of will; and resolved to win back Germany to the Catholic faith. As archduke of Styria he had crushed out Protestantism in that duchy, and having been elected king of Bohemia in 1618 1 Rudolph V. as archduke of Austria, II. as emperor. was resolved to establish there the rule of the Jesuits. His See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

Ferdinand III. (1637-1657) was forced to yield See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

The victory of the 12th of September, gained over the Turks by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

By the death of the archduke Sigismund in 1665 he not only gained Tirol, but a considerable sum of money, which he used to buy back the Silesian principalities of See also:

• OPPELN (Polish, Oppolie)

The treaty of Karlowitz, and the settlement of 1713-1714, marked a new starting-point in the history of Austria. The efforts of Turkey to regain her ascendancy in eastern Austria from 1715 Europe at the expense of the Habsburgs had ended to 1740. in failure, and henceforward Turkish efforts were confined to resisting the steady development of Austria in the direction of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

But Charles was anxious about Italy, then in danger from Spain, which under See also:

• ALBERONI, GIULIO (1664-1752)

Treaty of Belgrade, After a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

Apart from the perennial discontents of Magyars and Slays, the confusion and corruption of the administration, and the misery caused by the ruin of the finances, had made the Habsburg dynasty unpopular even in its German states, and in Vienna itself a large See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

The long rivalry between Bourbons and Years' Habsburgs was thus ended, and France and Austria war. remained in alliance or at peace until the outbreak of the French Revolution. So far as Austria was concerned, the Seven Years' War (q.v.) in which France and Austria were ranged against Prussia and Great Britain, was an attempt on the part of Maria Theresa to recover Silesia. It failed; and the peace of Hubertsburg, signed on the 15th of February 1-763, left Germany divided between Austria and Prussia, whose rivalry for the See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

In spite of the reluctance of Maria Theresa, Kaunitz, in July 1771, concluded a defensive alliance with the Porte. He would have exchanged this for an active co-operation with Turkey, could Frederick the Great have been persuaded to promise at least See also:

• NEUTRALITY

It was under Maria Theresa, too, that the attempt was first made to make German the official See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

In this spirit he at once set to work to reconstruct the state, on lines that strangely anticipated the principles of the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

This was less obvious in his domestic than in his foreign policy, though perhaps equally present. As Leopold grand-duke of Tuscany Leopold had won the reputation H. of an enlightened and liberal ruler; but meanwhile " Josephinism " had not been justified by its results, and the progress of the Revolution in France was beginning to scare even enlightened princes into reaction. Leopold, then, reverted to the traditional. Habsburg methods; the old supremacy of the Church, regarded as the one effective See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

On the 6th of October 1790, Leopold had been crowned Roman emperor at See also:

• FRANKFORT

The influence by which his with policy was directed is not quite clear, but the Czechs Bohemia. had been of See also:

• RECENT

On this see Menger, Der Ausgleich mit Bohmen (Vienna, 1891), where the documents are printed. After two years he gave up his cautious policy and took a bold move. In October 1893 he introduced a reform See also:

• BILL

Taught by experience See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

He hoped to be able to work in harmony with the moderate elements of the Left; his See also:

• MISSION

The parliamentary situation is best explained by the following 1897. 1901. 28 28 . 49 41 . 42 51 5 21 I r — 126 141 14 10 . 30 t 37 . 28 23 — 6o 16 16 . 60 53 i 4 I 2 I 6 63 — 65 . 59 6o 6 • 3 II 68 71 . II . 5 16 16 14 • 5 19 — 19 II 9 2 2 6 5 5 II — II I — 6 -- 5 Total 425 425 The most remarkable result of the elections was the disappearance of the Liberals in Vienna. In 1879, out of 37 members returned in Lower Austria, 33 were Liberals, but now they werereplaced to a large extent by the Socialists.

It was impossible to maintain a strong party of moderate constitutionalists, on whom the government could depend, unless there was a large nucleus from Lower Austria. The influence of Lueger was very embarrassing; he had now a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

In 1887, under the leadership of Dr See also:

• ADLER, FELIX (r851- )

They resorted to obstruction. They brought in repeated motions to impeach the ministers, and parliament had to be prorogued in June, although no business of any kind had been transacted. Badeni had not anticipated the effect his ordinances would have; as a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

On one occasion Dr Lecher, one of the representatives of Moravia, spoke for twelve See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

The excitement spread to the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Thun had in consequence to retire, in September 1899. His successor, Count Clary, began by with-See also:

• DRAWING

The new elections on which so much was to depend did not take place till January Igor. They resulted in a great increase of the extreme German Nationalist parties. Schonerer and the German Radicals—the fanatical German party who in their new programme advocated union of German Austria with the German empire—now numbered twenty-one, who chiefly came from Bohemia. They were able for the first time to procure the election of one of their party in the Austrian Delegation, and threatened to introduce into the Assembly scenes of disorder similar to those which they had made common in the Reichsrath. All those parties which did not primarily appeal to national feeling suffered loss; especially was this the case with the two sections of the Clericals, the Christian Socialists and the Ultramontanes; and the increasing enmity between the German Nationalists (who refused even the name German to a Roman Catholic) and the Church became one of the most conspicuous features in the political situation. The loss of seats by the Socialists showed that even among the working men the national agitation was gaining ground; the diminished influence of the anti-Semites was the most encouraging sign. Notwithstanding the result of the elections, the first months of the new parliament passed in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

HE.) The history of Austria since the general election of 19or is the Renewed conflict between Germans and Czechs. history of 'franchise reform as a crowning attempt to restore had become so obnoxious to the Czechs that his removal would parliament to normal working conditions. The premier, Dr Public von Korber, who had undertaken to overcome obstruc- works tion and who hoped to effect a compromise between policy. Germans and Czechs, induced the Chamber to sanction the estimates, the contingent of recruits and other " necessities of state " for 1901 and 1902, by promising to under-take large public works in which Czechs and Germans were alike interested. These public works were chiefly a canal from the Danube to the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

The Korber administration was for this reason subsequently exposed to severe censure. Despite these public works Dr von Korber found himself unable to induce parliament to vote the Budgets for 1903, Kdrber's 1904 or 1905, and was obliged to revert to the expedient parlia- employed by his predecessors of sanctioning the estimentary mates by imperial ordinance under paragraph 14 of dlf l- the constitution. His attempts in December 1902 Cultles. and January 1903 to promote a compromise between Czechs and Germans proved equally futile. Korber proposed that Bohemia be divided into 10 districts, of which 5 would be Czech, 3 German and 2 mixed. Of the 234 district tribunals, 133 were to be Czech, 94 German and 7 mixed. The Czechs demanded on the contrary that both their language and German should be placed on an equal footing throughout Bohemia, and be used for all official purposes in the same way. As this demand involved the recognition of Czech as a language of internal service in Bohemia it was refused by the Germans. Thence-forward, until his fall on the 31st of December 1904, Korber governed practically without parliament. The Chamber was summoned at intervals rather as a pretext for the subsequent employment of paragraph 14 than in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

By the end of 19o4'it had become clear that the system of government by paragraph 14, which Dr von Korber had perfected was not effective in the long run. Loans were needed See also:

• SARAN

The Austrian Franchise Socialist party, encouraged by this manifestation and reform. influenced by the revolutionary movement in Russia, resolved to press for franchise reform in Austria also. An initial demonstration, resulting in some bloodshed, was organized in Vienna at the beginning of November. At Prague, Graz and other towns, demonstrations and collisions with the police were frequent. The premier, Baron Gautsch, who had previously discountenanced universal suffrage while admitting the desirability of a restricted reform, then changed attitude and permitted an enormous Socialist demonstration, in support of universal suffrage, to take place (November 28) in the Vienna Ringstrasse. Traffic was suspended for five hours while an orderly procession of workmen, ten abreast, marched silently along the Ringstrasse past the houses of parliament. The demonstration made a deep impression upon public opinion. On the same day the premier promised to introduce by February a large measure of franchise reform so framed as to protect racial minorities from being overwhelmed at the polls by majorities of other races. On the 23rd of February 1906 he indeed brought in a series of franchise reform measures. Their main principles were the abolition of the curia or. electoral class system and the establishment of the franchise on the basis of universal suffrage; and the division of Austria electorally into racial compartments within which each race would be assured against molestation from other races. The Gautsch redistribution bill proposed to increase the number of constituencies from 425 to 455, to allot a fixed number of constituencies to each province and, within each province, to each race according to its numbers and tax-paying capacity. The reform bill proper proposed to enfranchise every male citizen above 24 years of age with one year's residential qualification.

At first the chances of the adoption of such a measure seemed small. It was warmly supported from outside by the Social Democrats, who held only i1 seats in the House; inside, the Christian Socialists or Lueger party were favourable on the whole as they hoped to gain seats at the expense of the German Progressives and German Populists and to extend their own organization throughout the empire. The Young Czechs, too, were favourable, while the Poles reserved their attitude. Hostile in principle and by See also:

• INSTINCT

During the negotiations the number of constituencies was raised to 516, divided, according to provinces, as follows: Bohemia . 130 previously 110 Galicia . . Io6 78 Lower Austria 64 46 Moravia 49 „ 43 Styria 30 27 Tirol 25 „ 21 Upper Austria 22 „ 20 Austrian Silesia 15 „ 12 Bukovina 14 II Carniola 12 ,, II Dalmatia. II ,, II Carinthia TO TO Salzburg . 7 7 Istria - 6 5 G6rz and Gradisca 6 5 Trieste and territory 5 5 See also:

• VORARLBERG

Even with the addition of the " Latin " (Rumanian and Italian) seats the "German-Latin See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

19 German Liberals Progressives . . 15 Populists . . 29 See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

25 Old or Russophil Ruthenes 5 Slovenes— — Clericals 17 Southern Slav Club Croats Serbs Slovene Liberals Italians Clerical Populists Liberals . . Rumanians—Rumanian Club Jews Zionists Democrats Unclassified, vacancies, &c. . 510 177 20 II • 4 30 37 1.5 5 5 The legislature elected by universal suffrage worked fairly smoothly during the first year of its existence. The estimates were voted with regularity, racial animosity was somewhat less prominent, and some large issues were debated. The See also:

• DESIRE

Osterreichs and Ungarns See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

(b) Constitutional.—E. Werunsky, Osterreichische Reichs- and Rechtsgeschichte (Vienna, 1894, &c.); A. Bechmann, Lehrbuch der osterreichischen Reichsgesch. (Prague, 1895–1896) ; A. Huber, Osterreichische Reichsgesch. (Leipzig and Vienna, 1895, end ed. by A. Dopsch, ib., 1901); A. Luschin von Ebengreuth, Osterreichische Reichsgesch. (2 vols., See also:

• BAMBERG

Andrhssy, 'Ungarns Ausgleich mit Osterreich, 1867 (Leipzig, 1897) ; L. Eisenmann, Le Compromis austro-hongrois de 1867 (Paris, 1904). (c) Diplomatic.—A Beer, Zehn Jahre osterreichischer Politik,18o1–1810 (Leipzig, 1877), and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

(d) Racial Question.—There is a very extensive literature on the question of See also:

• LANGUAGES

A.