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MODENA (ancient Mutina)

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 642 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MODENA (ancient Mutina)

MODENA (See also:
ANCIENT
ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)
ancient Mutina) , one of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal cities of See also:

EMILIA

Emilia, See also:

Italy, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

TOWN

town of the See also:

province of Modena and the seat of an See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, 31 M. E.S.E. of See also:

PARMA

Parma by See also:

RAIL

rail. Pop. ;1906), 26,847 (town); 66,762 (See also:

commune). It is situated in a Begun by the Countess See also:

Matilda of See also:

Tuscany in 1099, after the designs of See also:

LANFRANC (d. 1089)

Lanfranc, and consecrated in 1184, the Romanesque See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral (S Geminiano) is a See also:

low but handsome See also:

BUILDING

building, with a lofty See also:

CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt, under the See also:

CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir (characteristic of the Tuscan Romanesque See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture), three eastern apses, and a See also:

FACADE

facade still preserving some curious sculptures of the 12th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. The interior was restored in 1897. The graceful See also:

bell-See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, erected in 1224–1319, named La Ghirlandina from the See also:

BRONZE

bronze See also:

GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

garland surrounding the weathercock, is 335 ft. high; in the See also:

BASEMENT

basement may be seen the wooden bucket captured by the Modenese from the Bolognese in the See also:

AFFRAY

affray at Zappolino (1325), and rendered famous by See also:

TASSONI, ALESSANDRO (1565-1635)

Tassoni's Secchia Rapita. Of the other churches in Modena, the See also:

church of S Giovanni Decollato contains a Pieta in painted terra-See also:

cotta by Guido Mazzoni (1450-1518). The so-called See also:

PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon Estense (the church of S. See also:

Agostino, containing See also:

WORKS

works of See also:

sculpture in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

house of See also:

Este) is a See also:

BAROQUE

baroque building by Bibbiena; it also contains the tombs of Sigonio and See also:

MURATORI

Muratori. See also:

San Pietro and San See also:

Francesco have terra-cottas by Begarelli (1498-1565). The old ducal See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, begun by See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

Francis I. in 1635 from the designs of Avanzini, and finished by Francis See also:

Ferdinand V., is an extensive building with a See also:

FINE

fine courtyard, and now contains the military school and the See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory.

The Albergo d' Arti, built by Duke Francis III., accommodates the civic collections, comprising the Museo Lapidario (See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, &c.); the valuable archives, the Biblioteca Estense, with 90,000 volumes and 3000 See also:

MSS.; the Museo Civico, with large and See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good palaeo,ethnological and archaeological collections; a fine collection of textile fabrics, and the picture See also:

GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, a good representative collection presented to the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by Francis V. and since augmented by the addition of the collection of the Marchese Campori. Many of the best pictures in the ducal collection were sold in the 18th century and found their way to See also:

DRESDEN

Dresden. The town See also:

hall is a noteworthy building, with arcades dating from 1194, but in See also:

PART

part rebuilt in 1826. The university of Modena, originally founded in 1683 by Francis II., is mainly a medical and legal school, but has also a See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

PHYSICAL

physical and mathematical See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science. The old See also:

academy of the Dissonanti, dating from 1684, was restored in 1814, and now forms the flourishing Royal Academy of Science and See also:

Art. In See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial enterprise See also:

SILK

silk and See also:

LINEN

linen goods and See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron wares are almost the only products of any See also:

note. See also:

Commerce is chiefly agricultural and is stimulated by a good position in the railway See also:

SYSTEM

system, and by a See also:

canal which opens a See also:

WATER

water-way by the Panaro and the Po to the Adriatic. Modena is the point at which the railway to See also:

MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua and See also:

Verona diverges from that between See also:

Milan and See also:

Bologna, and has several See also:

steam tramways to neighbouring places. It is also the starting-point of a once important road over the See also:

APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines to See also:

Pistoia by the Abetone Pass. Modena is the ancient Mutina in the territory of the See also:

BOIL

Boil, which came into the See also:

possession of the See also:

Romans probably in the See also:

war of 215–212 B.C. In 183 B.C. Mutina became the seat of a Roman See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony.

The Roman town See also:

lay immediately to the See also:

south-See also:

east of the See also:

MODERN

modern; its See also:

north-western See also:

wall is marked by the modern Corso Umberto I. (formerly Canal Grande) It appears to have been a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of importance under the See also:

EMPIRE

empire, but none of its buildings is now to be seen. The Roman level, indeed. 1I is some 15 to 20 ft. below the modern town. Its vineyards and See also:

POTTERIES, THE

potteries are mentioned by See also:

Pliny, the latter doing a considerable export See also:

trade. Its territory was coterminous with that of See also:

BONONIA (mod. Bologna)

Bononia and See also:

REGIUM (Gr. `Pi ytov: in Latin the aspirate is omitted)

Regium, as its See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese is now, and to the south it seems to have extended to the See also:

SUMMIT

summit of the Apennines. During the See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

WARS

wars See also:

MARCUS

Marcus See also:

BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus, the See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of See also:

LEPIDUS

Lepidus, held out within its walls against Pompeius in 78 B.C., and in 44 B.C. the place was successfully defended by D. Brutus against See also:

Mark Antony for four months. The 4th century found Mutina in a See also:

state of decay; the ravages of See also:

ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila and the troubles of the Lombard See also:

period See also:

LEFT

left it a ruined city in a wasted See also:

LAND

land. In the 7th century, perhaps owing to a terrible inundation,' its exiles founded, at a distance of 4 M. to the north-See also:

west, a new city, Citta Geminiana (still represented by the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Cittanova) ; but about the See also:

close of the 9th century Modena was restored and refortified by its See also:

bishop, Ludovicus. When it began to build its cathedral (A.D. 1099) the city was part of the possessions of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany; but when, in 1184, the edifice was consecrated by See also:

LUCIUS

Lucius III., it was a See also:

FREE

free community.

In the wars between See also:

Frederick II. and See also:

Gregory IX. it sided with the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, though ultimately the papal party was strong enough to introduce confusion into its policy. In 1288 Obizzo d'Este was recognized as See also:

lord of the city; after the See also:

DEATH

death of his successor, Azzo VIII. (1308), it resumed its communal See also:

independence; but by 1336 the Este See also:

FAMILY

family was again in See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. Constituted a duchy in 1452 in favour of Borso d'Este, and enlarged and strengthened by See also:

Hercules II., it became the ducal See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence on the See also:

INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of See also:

FERRARA

Ferrara with the States of the Church (1598). Francis I. (1629–1658) erected the citadel and commenced the palace, which was largely embellished by Francis II. Rinaldo (ob. 1737) was twice driven from his city by See also:

French invasion. To Francis III. (1698–178o) the city was indebted for many of its public buildings. Hercules III. (1727–1803) saw his states transformed by the French into the Cispadine See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, and, having refused the principality of See also:

BREISGAU

Breisgau and Ortenau, offered him in See also:

COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation by the treaty of Campo Formio, died an See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile at Treviso.

His only daughter, Maria See also:

BEATRICE

Beatrice, married Ferdinand of See also:

Austria (son of Maria See also:

THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa), and in 1814 their eldest son, Francis, received back the Stati Estensi. His See also:

RULE

rule was subservient to Austria, reactionary and despotic. On the outbreak of the French Revolution of 183o, Francis IV. seemed for a See also:

time disposed to encourage the corresponding See also:

MOVEMENT

movement in Modena; but no sooner had the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

army put an end to the insurrection in Central Italy than he returned to his previous policy. Francis Ferdinand V., who succeeded in 1846, followed in the See also:

main his See also:

FATHER

father's example. Obliged to leave the city in 1848, he was restored by the Austrians in 1849; ten years later, on the loth of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1859, the representatives of Modena declared their territory part of the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of Italy, and their decision was confirmed by the See also:

PLEBISCITE (Lat. plebiscitum, a decree of the plebs)

plebiscite of 186o. See Vedriani, Storia di Modena (1666) ; See also:

TIRABOSCHI, GIROLAMO (1731—1794)

Tiraboschi, Mem. storiche modenesi (1793) ; Scharfenberg, Gesch. See also:

des Herzogth. Modena (1859); Oreste Raggi, Modena descritta (186o); Baraldi, Storia di Modena; Valdrighi, Diz. Storico, &c., delle contrade di Modena (1798–1880) ; Crespellani, Guida di Modena (1879) ; Cavedoni, Dichiarazione degli antici marmi Modenesi (1828).

End of Article: MODENA (ancient Mutina)

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