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See also:PISTOIA, See also:SYNOD OF , a diocesan synod held in 1786 under the See also:presidency of Scipione de' See also:Ricci (1741–1810), See also:bishop of Pistoia, and the patronage of See also:Leopold, See also:grand-See also:duke of See also:Tuscany, with a view to preparing the ground for a See also:national See also:council and a reform of the Tuscan See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. On the 26th of See also:January the grand-duke issued a circular See also:letter to the Tuscan bishops suggesting certain reforms, especially in the See also:matter of the restoration of the authority of diocesan synods, the purging of the missals and breviaries of legends, the assertion of episcopal as against papal authority, the curtailing of the privileges of the monastic orders, and the better See also:education of the See also:clergy.
In spite of the hostile attitude of the See also:great See also:majority of the bishops, Bishop de' Ricci issued on the 31st of See also:July a See also:summons to a diocesan synod, which was solemnly opened on the 18th of See also:September. It was attended by 233 beneficed See also:secular and 13 See also:regular priests, and decided with See also:practical unanimity on a See also:series of decrees which, had it been possible to carry them into effect, would have involved a drastic reform of the Church on the lines advocated by " Febronius " (see See also:FEBRONIANISM).
The first See also:decree (Decretum de fide et See also:ecclesia) declared that the See also:Catholic Church has no right to introduce new dogmas, but only to preserve in its See also:original purity the faith once delivered by See also:Christ to His apostles, and is infallible only so See also:tar as it conforms to See also:Holy Scripture and true tradition; the Church, moreover is a purely spiritual See also:body and has no authority in things secular. Other decrees denounced the abuse of indulgences, of festivals of See also:saints, and of processions and suggested reforms; others again enjoined the closing of shops on See also:Sunday during divine service, the issue of service-books with parallel See also:translations in the See also:vernacular, and recommended the abolition of all monastic orders except that of St See also:Benedict, the rules of which were to be brought into See also:harmony with See also:modern ideas; nuns were to be forbidden to take the vows before the See also:age of 40. The last decree proposed the See also:convocation of a national council.
These decrees were issued together with a See also:pastoral letter of Bishop de' Ricci, and were warmly approved by the grand-duke, at whose instance a national synod of the Tuscan bishops met at See also:Florence on the 23rd of See also:April 1787. The See also:temper of this See also:assembly was, however, wholly different. The bishops refused to allow a See also:voice to any not of their own See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, and in the end the decrees of Pistoia were supported by a minority of only three. They were finally condemned at See also:Rome by the See also:bull Auctorem fidei of the 28th of See also:August 1794. De' Ricci, deprived of the See also:personal support of the grand-duke (now the See also:emperor Leopold I.), exposed to pressure from Rome, and threatened with See also:mob violence as a suspected destroyer of holy See also:relics, resigned his see in 1791, and lived in Florence as a private See also:gentleman until his See also:death in 181o. In May 1805, on the return of See also:Pope See also:Pius VII. from See also:Paris, he had signed an See also:act of submission to the papal decision of 1794.
De' Ricci's own See also:memoirs, Memorie di Scipione de' Ricci, vescovo di See also:Prato e Pistoia, edited by See also:Antonio Galli, were published at Florence in 2 vols. in 1865. Besides this his letters to Antonio See also:Marini were published by Cesare Guasti at Prato in 1857; these were promptly put on the See also:Index. See also De See also:Potter, See also:Vie de Scipion de' Ricci (3 vols., See also:Brussels, 1825), based on a MS. See also:life and a MS. See also:account of the synod placed on the Index in 1823. There are many documents in Zobi, Storia civile della Toscana, vols. ii. and iii. (Florence, 1856). The acts of the synod of Pistoia were published in See also:Italian and Latin at See also:Pavia in 1788.
End of Article: PISTOIA, SYNOD OF
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