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inscriptions of the ancient town have been found; but excavations in 1902 (see G. Pellegrini in Notizie degli Scavi, 1904, p. 241) in the Piazzo del Duomo led to the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of a large private See also:

house, which belonged to the end of the 1st See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. Some See also:

MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic pavements were found, belonging perhaps to the 3rd century A.D., while the house appears to have fallen into ruin at the beginning of the 5th. Remains of four subsequent periods were discovered above it.

It was found that the tradition that the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral occupied the site of a See also:

temple of See also:

Mars was ground-less; for the house appears to have extended under it. See also:

AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS

Ammianus See also:

MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus (5th century) mentions Pistoriae as a See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Tuscia Annonaria. During the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages Pistoia was at times a dangerous enemy to Florence, and the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant conflicts between the Guelphs and Ghibellines; it was there that the See also:

GREAT

great party struggle took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place which resulted in the creation of the Bianchi and See also:

NERI, PHILIP (FILIppo DE) (1515-1595)

Neri factions (see See also:

DANTE

Dante, Inferno, See also:

XXIV

xxiv. 121 to end). In 1302–06 it was besieged and eventually taken by the armies of Florence and See also:

Lucca, and in 1325 it became subject to Castruccio of Lucca. In 1351 it was obliged to surrender to Florence, and thenceforth shared its See also:

FATE

fate. The city is still surrounded by walls, dating from shortly after the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of 1302–06; while two inner lines of streets represent two earlier and inner lines of See also:

wall. In the See also:

early development of See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and See also:

sculpture Pistoia played a very importantpart; these arts, as they existed in Tuscany before the See also:

time of NiccolaPisano, can perhaps be better studied in Pistoia than anywhere else; nor is the city less See also:

rich in the later See also:

WORKS

works produced by the school of sculptors founded by Niccola. In the 14th century Pistoia possessed a number of the most skilful artists in See also:

SILVER

silver-See also:

WORK

work, a wonderful specimen of whose See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers exists now in the cathedral--the great silver See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar and frontal of St See also:

James, originally made for the high altar, but now placed in a See also:

CHAPEL

chapel on the See also:

south See also:

side. The cathedral is partly of the 12th century, with a See also:

PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch and See also:

FACADE

facade with small arcades—in See also:

black and See also:

white See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, as is the See also:

case with several other churches of Pistoiabut was remodelled in the 13th century, and modernized inside in the worst See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste. Besides the silver altar it contains many See also:

FINE

fine works of sculpture; the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are the See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of Cino da Pistoia, lawyer and poet, Dante's contemporary (1337), by Cellino di Nese, surrounded by his scholars, and Verrocchio's finest work in marble, the monument to See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Forteguerra (1474), with a large figure of See also:

Christ, surrounded by angels, in high See also:

RELIEF

relief. The See also:

clay See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for it is in the South See also:

KENSINGTON

Kensington Museum.

The monument has unfortunately been altered. The octagonal See also:

BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery is by Cellino di Nese (1339). Among the earlier churches the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal is Sant' See also:

ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea, enriched with sculpture, and probably designed by Gruamons and his See also:

BROTHER

brother Adeodatus in 1136; in the See also:

NAVE

nave is Giovanni See also:

Pisano's magnificent See also:

PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit, imitated from his See also:

FATHER

father's pulpit at See also:

Pisa. Other churches of almost equal See also:

INTEREST

interest are S. Giovanni Fuorcivitus (so called because it was outside the See also:

LINE

line of the earliest, pentagonal, See also:

ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte of the middle ages), with one of the See also:

long sides elaborately adorned with small arcades in the See also:

PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan See also:

style, in black and white marble, also with sculpture by Gruamons (1162) on the facade. Within is a beautiful See also:

GROUP

group of the Visitation by Luca della Robbia. There is also a fine pulpit by Fra Glsglielmo dell' Agnello of Pisa (1270). S. Bartolomeo in Pantano is an interesting See also:

BASILICA

basilica of 1167. See also:

San See also:

Francesco al See also:

PRATO

Prato is a fine See also:

church of the end of the 13th century with interesting frescoes of the school of See also:

GIOTTO

Giotto. San Domenico, a See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble church, begun in 1294, contains the beautiful See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Filippo Lazari by Bernardo and See also:

Antonio See also:

ROSSELLINO, ANTONIO (1427-c. 1479)

Rossellino (1462–1468). In addition to its fine churches, Pistoia contains many noble palaces and public buildings.

The Palazzo del Commune and the Palazzo Pretorio, once the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

PODESTA (Lat. potestas, power)

podesta, are both fine specimens of 14th-century domestic architecture, in See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good preservation. The quadrangle of the latter contains many well-painted armorial See also:

BEARINGS

bearings of the podestas. The Ospedale del Ceppo, built originally in the 13th century, but remodelled in the 15th, is remarkable for the reliefs in enamelled and coloured terra-See also:

cotta with which its exterior is richly decorated. Besides various medallions, there is a See also:

FRIEZE

frieze of figures in high relief extending along the whole front, over its open See also:

ARCADE

arcade. The reliefs consist of a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

groups representing the Seven Works of See also:

Mercy and other figures; these were executed by Giovanni Della Robbia between 1514 and 1525, and, though not equal to the best work of Luca and Andrea, are yet very fine in conception and model-See also:

LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling, and extremely rich in their See also:

general decorative effect. The last on the right was added in 1585 by Paladini. The See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries of Pistoia include See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel works, especially manufactures of See also:

glass, See also:

SILK

silk, See also:

MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni, woollens, See also:

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil, See also:

ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, See also:

paper, vehicles and See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-arms. The word "See also:

PISTOL

pistol" is derived (apparently through pistolese, a See also:

DAGGER

dagger—dagger and pistol being both small arms) from Pistoia, where that weapon was largely manufactured in the middle ages.

End of Article: PISTOIA

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