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TUSCANY

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 791 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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TUSCANY . See also:

Clement Salvator (b. 1904). Rainer See also:Charles See also:Leopold Antony See also:Francis lJoseph (b. 1895). (b. 1897). (b. 1901). (b. 1905). (b.

1868). I I See also:

Albert, Charles See also:Ferdinand See also:duke of See also:Teschen (1818-1874). (1817-1895). See also:Frederick Charles See also:Stephen duke of Teschen (b. 186o). (b. 1856). I Albert Charles Albert See also:Leo Charles (b. 1897). (b. 1888). (b.

1893). I I Leopold See also:

Joseph Antony (1772-1795). (1776-1847). (1780-1835). Joseph (1833-19o5). Joseph See also:Augustus (b. 1872). I Joseph IFrancis See also:Ladislaus (b. 1895). (b. 1901). See also:William (1827-1894).

I I I I See also:

John Rainer See also:Louis See also:Rudolph (1782-1859). (1783-1853). (1784-1864). (1788-1831). Leopold Ernest See also:Sigismund Rainer See also:Henry (1823-1898). (1824-1899). (1826-1891). (b. 1827). (1828-1891). Ferdinand, duke of See also:Modena (1754-1806). .I Francis IV.

See also:

Maximilian Ferdinand duke of Modena Joseph (1781-1850). (1779-1846). (1782-1863). I I I See also:Eugene Francis V., Ferdinand (b. 1863). duke of Modena (1821-1849). (1819-1875). William (b. 1895). Ferdinand III., See also:grand-duke of Tuscany (1769-1824). Leopold II., grand-duke of Tuscany. (1797-1870). Ferdinand IV.

Louis Salvator grand-duke of Tuscany (b. 1847). (b. 1835). 1 Leopold Ferdinand Joseph Ferdinand See also:

Peter Ferdinand (b. 1872) Charles Salvator John Nepomuck Salvatoe (1839-1892). (1852-1891). Leopold Salvator Henry Ferdinand (b. 1863). (b: 1874). (b. 1878).

See also:

Godfrey (b. 1902). See also:George (b. 1905). Francis Salvator Albert Salvator (b. 1866). (1871-1896). I _' I Francis Charles Salvator See also:Hubert Salvator See also:Theodore Salvator (b. 1893). (b. 1894). (b.

1899). Maria See also:

Theresa and Francis Stephen; and it is interesting to See also:note that the See also:present Habsburgs are only descended in the See also:female See also:line from Rudolph I. and Maximilian I. Immediately after the See also:death of Charles the Pragmatic See also:Sanction was forgotten. A See also:crowd of claimants called for various parts of the See also:Habsburg lands; Frederick the See also:Great, talking less but acting more, invaded and conquered See also:Silesia, and it seemed likely that the See also:dissolution of the Habsburg See also:monarchy would at no See also:long See also:interval follow the extinction of the Habsburg See also:race. A See also:Wittelsbach See also:prince, Charles Albert, elector of See also:Bavaria, the See also:emperor Charles VII., and not Francis Stephen, was chosen emperor in See also:January 1742, and by the treaty of See also:Breslau, made later in the same See also:year, nearly all Silesia was formally surrendered to See also:Prussia. But the worst was now over, and when in 1748 the See also:peace of See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, which practically confirmed the treaty of Breslau, had cleared away the dust of See also:war, Maria Theresa and her See also:consort were found to occupy a strong position in See also:Europe. In the first See also:place, in See also:September 1745, Francis had been chosen emperor; then the imperial pair ruled See also:Hungary and Bohemia, although the latter See also:kingdom was shorn of Silesia; in spite of See also:French conquests the See also:Austrian See also:Netherlands remained in their hands; and in See also:Italy Francis had added Tuscany to his wife's heritage, although See also:Parma and See also:Piacenza had been surrendered to See also:Spain and See also:part of See also:Milan to the See also:king of See also:Sardinia. The See also:diplomatic volte-See also:face and the futile attempts of Maria Theresa to recover Silesia which followed this treaty belong to the See also:general See also:history of Europe. The emperor Francis I. died in 1765 and was succeeded by his son Joseph II., an ambitious and able prince, whose aim was to restore the Habsburgs and the See also:Empire to their former great positions in Europe, and whose See also:pride did not prevent him from learning from Frederick the Great,• the despoiler of his See also:house. His projects, however, including one of uniting Bavaria with See also:Austria, which was especially cherished, failed completely, and when he died in See also:February 1790* he See also:left his lands in a See also:state of turbulence which reflected the general See also:condition of Europe. The Netherlands had risen against the Austrians, and in January 1790 had declared themselves See also:independent; Hungary, angered by Joseph's despotic See also:measures, was in revolt, and the other parts of the monarchy were hardly more contented. But the 18th See also:century saw a few successes for the Habsburgs.

In 1718 a successful war with See also:

Turkey was ended by the peace of Passarowitz, which advanced the Austrian boundary very considerably to the See also:east, and although by the treaty of See also:Belgrade, signed twenty-one years later, a large part of this territory was surrendered, yet a residuum, the See also:banate of See also:Temesvar, was permanently incorporated with Hungary. The struggle over the See also:succession to Bavaria, which was concluded in 1779 by the treaty of Teschen, was responsible for adding Innviertel, or the See also:quarter of the See also:Inn, to Austria; the first See also:partition of See also:Poland brought eastern See also:Galicia and Lodomeria, and in 1777 the See also:sultan ceded See also:Bukovina. Joseph II. was followed by his See also:brother, Leopold II., who restored the Austrian authority in the Netherlands, and the latter by his son Francis II., who resigned the See also:crown of the See also:Holy See also:Roman Empire in See also:August 18o6, having two years before taken the See also:title of emperor of Austria as Francis I. Before the See also:abdication of the emperor Francis in 18o6 Austria had met and suffered from the fury of revolutionary See also:France, but the cessions of territory made by her at the See also:treaties of Campo Formio (1797), of See also:Luneville (18or) and of See also:Pressburg (18o5) were of no enduring importance. This, however, cannot be said for the treaties of See also:Paris and of See also:Vienna, which in 1814 and 1815 arranged the See also:map of Europe upon the conclusion of the See also:Napoleonic See also:wars. These were highly favourable to the Habsburgs. In eastern and central Europe Austria regained her former position, the lands ceded to Bavaria and also eastern Galicia, which had been in the hands of See also:Russia since 1809, being restored; she gave up the Austrian Netherlands, soon to be known as See also:Belgium, to the new kingdom of the Netherlands, and acquiesced in the arrangement which had taken from her the See also:Breisgau and the remnant of the Habsburg lands upon the See also:Rhine.

End of Article: TUSCANY

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