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See also:ALBERT (149o-1568) , See also:Grand See also:Master of the See also:Teutonic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order, and first See also:duke of See also:Prussia, was the third son of See also:Frederick of See also:Hohenzollern, See also:prince of See also:Ansbach and See also:Bayreuth, and See also:Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland. See also:Born at Ansbach on the 16th of May 1490, he was intended for the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, and passed some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time at the See also:court of See also:Hermann, elector of See also:Cologne, who appointed him to a canonry in his See also:cathedral. Turning to a more active See also:life, he accompanied the See also:emperor See also:Maximilian I. to See also:Italy in 15o8, and after his return spent some time in See also:Hungary. In See also:December, Frederick, grand master of the Teutonic Order, died, and Albert, joining the order, was chosen as his successor See also:early in 1511 in the See also:hope that his relationship to See also:Sigismund I., king of Poland, would facilitate a See also:settlement of the disputes over See also:east Prussia, which had been held by the order under See also:Polish See also:suzerainty since 1466. The new master, however, showed no See also:desire to be conciliatory, and as See also:war appeared inevitable, he made strenuous efforts to secure See also:allies, and carried on tedious negotiations with the emperor Maximilian I. The See also:ill-feeling, influenced by the ravages of members of the order in Poland, culminated in a struggle which began in December 1519. During the ensuing See also:year Prussia was devastated, and Albert consented early in 1521 to a truce for four years. The dispute was referred to the emperor See also:Charles V. and other princes, but as no settlement was reached the master continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose he visited See also:Nuremberg in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the reformer, Andreas See also:Osiander, by whose See also:influence he was won over to the See also:side of the new faith. He then journeyed to See also:Witten-See also:berg, where he was advised by See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin See also:Luther to See also:cast aside the senseless rules of his order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into an hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which commended itself to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured See also:Pope See also:Adrian VI. that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines. Luther for his See also:part did not stop at the See also:suggestion, but in order to facilitate the See also:change made See also:special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's See also:brother, See also:George, prince of Ansbach, laid the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme before Sigismund of Poland. After some delay the king assented to it provided that Prussia were held as a Polish See also:fief; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty made at See also:Cracow, Albert was invested with the duchy by Sigismund for himself and his heirs on the loth of See also:February 1525. The estates of the See also:land then met at See also:Konigsberg and took the See also:oath of See also:allegiance to the new duke, who used his full See also:powers to forward the doctrines of Luther. This transition did not, however, take See also:place without protest. Summoned before the imperial court of See also:justice, Albert refused to appear and was placed under the See also:ban; while the order, having deposed the grand master, made a feeble effort to recover Prussia. But as the See also:German princes were either too busy or too indifferent to attack the duke, the agitation against him soon died away. In imperial politics Albert was fairly active. Joining the See also:league of See also:Torgau in 1526, he acted in unison with the Protestants, and was among the princes who banded themselves together to overthrow Charles V. after the issue of the See also:Interim in May 1548. For various reasons, however, poverty and See also:personal inclination among others, he did not take a497
prominent part in the military operations of this See also:period. The early years of Albert's See also:rule in Prussia were fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for a time to provide for the expenses of the court. He did something for the furtherance of learning by establishing See also:schools in every See also:town and by giving privileges to See also:serfs who adopted a scholastic life. In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded a university at Konigsberg, where he appointed his friend Osiander to a professorship in 1549. This step was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's See also:doctrine of See also:justification by faith involved him in a violent See also:quarrel with See also:Melanchthon, who had adherents in Konigsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the See also:area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the See also:burden of See also:taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular. After Osiander's See also:death in 1552 he favoured a preacher named See also:John Funck, who, with an adventurer named See also:Paul Scalich, exercised See also:great influence over him and obtained considerable See also:wealth at the public expense. The See also:state of turmoil caused by these religious and See also:political disputes was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the See also:necessity in that event for a regency owing to the youth of his only son, Albert Frederick. The duke was consequently obliged to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the See also:climax came in 1566 when the estates appealed to Sigismund II., king of Poland, who sent a See also:commission to Konigsberg. Scalich saved his life by See also:flight, but Funck was executed; the question of the regency was settled; and a See also:form of Lutheran-ism was adopted, and declared binding on all teachers and preachers. Virtually deprived of See also:power, the duke lived for two years longer, and died at Tapiau on the 20th of See also:March 1568. In 1526 he had married Dorothea, daughter of Frederick I., king of See also:Denmark, and after her death in 1547, See also:Anna Maria, daughter of See also:Eric I., duke of See also:Brunswick. Albert was a voluminous See also:letter-writer, and corresponded with many of the leading personages of the time. In 1891 a statue was erected to his memory at Konigsberg.
See J. Voigt, Briefwechsel der beruhmtesten Gelehrten See also:des Zeitalters der See also:Reformation See also:mat See also:Herzog Albrecht von Preussen (Konigsberg, 1841) ; E. See also:Joachim, See also:Die Politik des letzten Hochmeisters in Preussen, Albrecht von See also:Brandenburg (See also:Leipzig, 1892) ; K. Lohmeyer, Herzog Albrecht von Preussen (See also:Danzig, 189o).
End of Article: ALBERT (149o-1568)
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