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INTERIM

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 694 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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INTERIM , originally a Latin word for " in the meantime." The word was hence applied to certain edicts and decrees passed by the See also:

emperor and the diets during the See also:reformation in See also:Germany with the See also:object of temporarily settling a controversy. These " interims " regulated points of religious and ecclesiastical difference until they could be decided by a See also:general See also:council. The best example of such a modus vivendi is the See also:Augsburg Interim of 1548, See also:drawn up by See also:Michael Helding, See also:Julius von Pflug and See also:John See also:Agricola (a medievalist, an Erasmian, and a conservative Lutheran) at the bidding of See also:Charles V., and accepted by the See also:diet. It was an ambiguous document, teaching from the bearing a still closer resemblance to an See also:international social See also:science association for discussing and furthering the rights of labour. The occasion of its formation was the visit of some See also:French workmen to the See also:London See also:Exhibition of 1862. In the course of their visit the labour question was discussed, and a See also:desire for the further interchange of ideas expressed. Nothing decisive was done till 1864, when a See also:great public See also:meeting of working men of all nations was held at St See also:Martin's See also:Hall, London, and a provisional See also:committee was appointed to draft the constitution of the new association. The first four congresses of the International, held at See also:Geneva (See also:September 1866), See also:Lausanne (1867), See also:Brussels (1868), and See also:Basel (1869), marked the rapid development of the association. It gained its first See also:triumph in the effectual support of the See also:bronze-workers at See also:Paris during their See also:lock-out in 1867; and it repeatedly aided the See also:English unionists by preventing the importation of cheap labour from the See also:continent. It soon spread as far See also:east as See also:Poland and See also:Hungary, and it had affiliated See also:societies with See also:journals devoted to its cause in every See also:country of western See also:Europe. It was supposed to be concerned in all the revolutionary movements and agitations of Europe, gaining notoriety as the rallying point of social overthrow and ruin. Its See also:prestige, however, was always based more on the vast possibilities of the cause it represented than on its actual See also:power.

Its organization was loose, its See also:

financial resources insignificant; the See also:continental unionists joined it more in the See also:hope of borrowing than of contributing support. At the successive congresses its socialistic tendencies became more and more pronounced; it declared its opposition to private See also:property not only in See also:railways but in mines and the See also:soil, holding that these should revert to the community. Even the principle of See also:inheritance was saved only by a narrow See also:majority. In 1869 M. See also:Bakunin, the See also:Russian socialist or nihilist, with his party joined the association, and at once asserted his See also:character as the " apostle of universal destruction." The relation of the association to the communal rising at Paris in the See also:spring of 1871 has been the subject of much dispute. It is now agreed that the International as such had no See also:part either in originating or conducting it; some of its French members joined it, but only on their individual responsibility. Its complicity after the event is equally clear. After the fall of the See also:commune the general council of London, Karl See also:Marx included, issued a See also:long and trenchant manifesto, approving its See also:action and extolling the " glorious vanquished." From this point the decline and fall of the association is to be dated. The English unionists, See also:intent on more See also:practical concerns at See also:home, never took a deep See also:interest in its proceedings; the See also:German socialists were hindered by See also:law from corporate action; See also:America was too remote. But it found its worst enemies amongst its own See also:friends; the views of Marx and his school were too moderate for the universally subversive principles of M. Bakunin and the See also:radical Swiss federation of the See also:Jura. It came to a rupture at the See also:congress of 1872, held at the See also:Hague, when Bakunin, being outvoted and " excommunicated " by the Marx party, formed a See also:rival International, which found its See also:chief support in See also:Spain and See also:Italy.

Wearied of its See also:

European contentions and desirous to See also:form a basis of operation in America, the Marx International now transferred the seat of its general council to New See also:York; but it survived just long enough to hold another congress at Geneva in 1874, and then quietly expired. The party of destruction styling themselves " autonomists " had a bloodier See also:history. The See also:programme of this party was to overturn all existing institutions, with the view to reconstructing them on some vague communal basis such as had been tried at Paris in 1871. It endeavoured to realize this in the great communal risings in See also:southern Spain in 1873, when its adherents set up their See also:peculiar form of See also:government at See also:Barcelona, See also:Seville, See also:Cadiz and See also:Cartagena—at the last-mentioned See also:place also seizing part of the ironclad See also:fleet of Spain. As at Paris, they failed in leadership and organization, and were suppressed, though not without difficulty, by the See also:national troops. The " autonomists " lingered on till 1879. The collapse was See also:complete of an associat ionwhich once extended from Hungary to See also:San Francisco, and alarmed the minds of men with visions of universal ruin. See Villetard, Histoire de l'Internationale (Paris, 1871); Testut, L'Internationale (Paris, 1871); See also:Onslow See also:Yorke, See also:Secret History of the International (London, 1871); J. See also:Rae, Contemporary See also:Socialism; also the articles MARX and SOCIALISM.

End of Article: INTERIM

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