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See also:AUGSBURG, See also:CONFESSION OF , the most important See also:Protestant statement of belief See also:drawn up at the See also:Reformation. In summoning a See also:diet for See also:April 1530, See also:Charles V. offered a See also:fair See also:hearing to all religious parties in the See also:Empire. See also:Luther, Justus See also:Jonas, See also:Melanchthon and Johann See also:Bugenhagen were appointed to draw up a statement 'of the Saxon position. These " See also:Torgau Articles " (See also:March 1530) tell merely why See also:Saxony had abolished certain ecclesiastical abuses. Melanchthon, however, soon found.that, owing to attacks by Johann See also:Eck of See also:Ingolstadt (" 404 Articles "); Saxony must See also:state its position in doctrinal matters as well. Taking the Articles of See also:Marburg (see MARBURG, COLLOQUY ok') and of See also:Schwabach as the point of departure, he repudiated all connexion with heretics condemned by the See also:ancient See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. On the 11th of May he sent the draft to Luther, who approved it, adding that he himself " could not tread so softly and gently." On the 23rd of See also:June the Confession, originally intended as the statement of Electoral Saxony alone, was discussed and signed by a number of other Protestant princes and cities, and read before the diet on the 25th of June. Articles 1-21 See also:attempt to show that the Evangelicals had deviated from current See also:doctrine only in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to restore the pure and See also:original teaching of the church. In spite of significant omissions (the See also:sole authority of scripture; rejection of See also:transubstantiation), the Confession contains nothing contradictory to Luther's position, and in its emphasis on See also:justification by faith alone enunciates a See also:cardinal concept of the Evangelical churches. Articles 22-28 describe and defend the reformation of various " abuses." On the 3rd of See also:August, shorn of much of its original bitterness, the so-called Confutatio pontificia was read; it well expresses the views approved in substance by the See also:emperor and all the See also:Catholic party. In See also:answer, Melanchthon was ordered to prepare an See also:Apology of the Confession, which the emperor refused to receive; so Melanchthon enlarged it and published the editio princeps of both Confession and Apology in 1531.
As he See also:felt See also:free to make slight changes, the first edition does not represent the exact See also:text of 1530; the edition of 1533 was further improved, while that of 1540, rearranged and in See also:part rewritten, is known as the Variata. Dogmatic changes in this seem to have drawn forth no protest from Luther or See also:Brenz, so Melanchthon made fresh alterations in 1542. Later, the Variata of 1340 became the creed of the Melanchthonians and even of the Crypto-calvinists; so the framers of the See also:Formula of See also:Concord, promulgated in 1580, returned to the text handed in at the Diet. By See also:mistake they printed from a poor copy and not from the original, from which their See also:German text varies at over 45o places. Their Latin text, that of Melanchthon's editio princeps, is more nearly accurate. The textus receplus is that of the Formula of Concord, the divergent Latin and German forms being equally binding.
See also:Acceptance of the Confession and Apology was made a See also:condition of membership in the See also:Schmalkalden See also:League. The
See also:Wittenberg Concord (1536) and the Articles of Schmalkalden (1J37) reaffirmed them. The Confession was the ultimate source of much of the See also:Thirty-nine Articles. The Religious See also:Peace of Augsburg (1555) recognized no Protestants See also:save adherents of the Confession; this was modified in 1648. To-See also:day the Invariata is of symbolical authority among See also:Lutherans generally, while the Variata is accepted by the Reformed churches of certain parts of See also:Germany (see Lober, pp. 79-83.)
See also:Editions of the received text: J. T. See also:- MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
- MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
- MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
- MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
- MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
- MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
- MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
- MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
- MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
- MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)
Muller, See also:Die symbolischen See also:Bucher der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche (loth ed., See also:Gutersloh, 1907), with a valuable See also:historical introduction by Th. Kolde; Theodor Kolde, Die Augsburgische Konfession (See also:Gotha, 1896), (contains also the Marburg, Schwabach and Torgau Articles, the Confutatlo and the Variata of 1540). For See also:translations of these, as well as of See also:Zwingli's Reckoning of his Faith, and of the Tetrapolitan Confession, see H. E. See also:Jacobs, The See also:Book of Concord (See also:Philadelphia, 1882-83). The texts submitted to the emperor, lost before 1570, are reconstructed and compared with the textus receplus by P. Tschackert, Die unveranderte Augsburgische Konfession (See also:Leipzig, 1901). For the See also:genesis of the Confession, see Th. Kolde, Die alteste Redaktion der Augsburger Konfession (Gutersloh, 1906), also Kolde's See also:article, " Augsburger Bekenntnis," in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed., vol. ii., Leipzig, 1897). The See also:standard commentary is still G. L. Plitt, Einleitung in die Augustana (See also:Erlangen, 1867 ff.) ; compare also J. Ficker, Die Konfutation See also:des Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses in ihrer ersten Gestalt (Leipzig, 1891); also A. Petzold, Die Konfutation des Vierstadtebekenntnisses (Leipzig, 1900). On its See also:present use see G. Lober, Die See also:im evangelischen Deutschland geltenden Ordinationsverpflichtungen geschichtlich geordnet (Leipzig, 1905), 79 if. (W. W.
End of Article: AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
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