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history, but he was not himself a " scientific economist," and many of his confident prophecies were completely falsified. As a manufacturer, and with the circumstances of his own See also:

day before him, he considered that it was " natural " for See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain to manufacture for the See also:

WORLD

world in See also:

EXCHANGE

exchange for her free See also:

ADMISSION

admission of the more " natural " agricultural products of other countries. He advocated the See also:

REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the corn-laws, not essentially in See also:

order to make See also:

food cheaper, but because it would develop See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and enable the manufacturers to get labour at See also:

low but sufficient See also:

WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages; and he assumed that other countries would be unable to compete with See also:

England in manufactures under free trade, at the prices which would be possible for English manufactured products. " We See also:

ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate," he said, " nothing but what is agreeable to the highest behests of Christianity—to buy in the cheapest See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, and sell in the dearest." He-believed that the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the world must follow England's example: " if you abolish the corn-laws honestly, and adopt free trade in its simplicity, there will not be a tariff in See also:

EUROPE

Europe that will not be changed in less than five years " (See also:

JANUARY

January 1846). His cosmopolitanism—which makes him in the See also:

MODERN

modern Imperialist's eyes a "Little Englander" of the straitest sect—led him to deplore any survival of the colonial See also:

SYSTEM

system and to See also:

HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail the removal of ties which See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound the See also:

MOTHER

mother See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to remote dependencies; but it was, in its day, a generous and sincere reaction against popular sentiment, and Cobden was at all events an outspoken advocate of an irresistible See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

NAVY

navy. There were enough inconsistencies in his creed to enable both sides in the See also:

RECENT

recent controversies to claim him as one who if he were still alive would have supported their See also:

case in the altered circumstances; but, from the See also:

BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical point of view, these issues are hardly relevant. Cobden inevitably stands for " Cobdenism, " which is a creed largely See also:

DEVELOPED

developed by the modern free-trader in the course of subsequent years. It becomes See also:

EQUIVALENT

equivalent to economic laisser-faire and " Manchesterism," and as such it must fight its own corner with those who now take into See also:

CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration many See also:

NATIONAL

national factors which had no See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

early utilitarian individualistic regime of Cobden's own day. The See also:

standard See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography is that by See also:

John See also:

Morley (1881). Cobden's speeches were collected and published in 1870. The See also:

CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

centenary of his See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth in 1904 was celebrated by a See also:

flood of articles in the See also:

NEWS

news-papers and magazines, naturally coloured by the new controversy in England over the Tariff Reform See also:

MOVEMENT

movement.

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