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Cromwell's policy in this respect was continued under the Restoration, and in 166o a committee of the privy council was appointed for the purpose of obtaining See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the imports and exports of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and improving trade. A few years later another committee of the council was appointed to See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as intermediaries between the See also:

CROWN

crown and the colonies,. or See also:

FOREIGN

foreign plantations, as they were then called. This See also:

JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of trade and plantations was abolished in 1675, and it was not until twenty years later that it was revived under See also:

William III. Among the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

OBJECTS

objects set before this board were the inquiry into trade obstacles and the employment of the poor; the See also:

state of the See also:

SILVER

silver currency was also a subject on which See also:

John See also:

Locke, its secretary, lost no time in making representations to the See also:

government. Locke's retirement in 1700 removed any See also:

CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of the board of trade advocating more enlightened opinions on commercial subjects than those generally held. It had only a small See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in making the constitutions of the See also:

AMERICAN

American colonies, as oniy the Carolinas, See also:

Pennsylvania, See also:

GEORGIA

Georgia and Nova See also:

SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia were formed after the reign of See also:

Charles II.; and in 176o a secretary of state for the colonies was appointed, to whom the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control drifted away. In 178o See also:

Burke made his celebrated attack on the public offices, which resulted in the abolition of the board. In 1786, however, another permanent committee of the privy council was formed•by See also:

order in council, and with one or two small exceptions the legal constitution of the board of trade is still regulated by that order. Under it all the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

OFFICERS

officers of state, including the first lords of the See also:

TREASURY

treasury and See also:

ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty, the secretaries of state, and certain members of the privy council, among whom was the See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

Canterbury, obtained seats at the board ex officio; and ten unofficial members, including several eminent statesmen, were also placed on the committee.

The duties of the revived board were made the same as they were in the beginning of the century, but the growth of commerce necessarily threw new administrative duties upon it. The board of trade thus became a See also:

mere name, the See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president being practically the secretary of state for trade, and the See also:

VICE

vice-president became, in 1867, a See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary secretary, with similar; duties to those of a parliamentary under-secretary of state. At See also:

PRESENT

present, besides the president, who has usually a seat in the See also:

CABINET

cabinet,' and whose See also:

SALARY

salary is £5000 a See also:

YEAR

year, there is a parliamentary secretary with a salary of £1200, a permanent secretary (salary £1500, rising to £1800), and four assistant secretaries (each with a salary of £1200) for the See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, marine, commercial, labour and statistical, and railway departments. There are also other important officials in See also:

charge of different departments, as mentioned below. I. The Commercial, Labour and Statistical Department is the real remains of the See also:

ORIGINAL

original board of trade, as it combines the charge of the trade See also:

STATISTICS

statistics with the See also:

general consultative duties with which See also:

King Charles II.'s board was originally entrusted. The statistical See also:

WORK

work includes compiling abstracts, memoranda, tables and charts See also:

RELATING

relating to the trade and See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial conditions of the United Kingdom, the colonies and foreign countries, the supervision of the trade accounts,. the preparation of monthly and See also:

ANNUAL

annual accounts of See also:

SHIP

ship-ping and See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, statistics as to labour, See also:

cotton, See also:

EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration and foreign and colonial customs, tariffs and regulations. The commercial intelligence department collects and disseminates accurate information on general commercial questions, and collects and exhibits samples of goods of foreign origin competing with similar See also:

BRITISH

British goods. It keeps a See also:

DESIRE

desire to receive confidential information relative to their respective trades and supplies that information See also:

FREE

free of charge. The labour statistics published by the department are exhaustive, dealing with See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of labour, the state of the labour See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the working classes and the prices of commodities; annual reports are also ' Since 1882 there have been only two occasions on which the president of the board was not included in the cabinet. Frequent suggestions were made as to raising the status and salary of the president of the board, which up to 1900 was £2000. See also:

Lord See also:

Jersey's committee in 1904 suggested that the president should be put on the.same footing as a secretary of state, and be given the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of commerce and industry." In 1909 the Board of Trade Act repealed the Board of Trade (President) Act 1826, which limited the salary of the president, and enacted that the president should he paid such annual salary as parliament might determine ({See also:

COON

coon).

The increased salary came into operation in 1910, when a new president of the board came into See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office. published of trade unions, of strikes and See also:

lock-outs and other important subjects. The See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff comprises a controller-general (salary £1200 rising to £1500), a See also:

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy controller-general and labour See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner, a principal for statistics, a principal of the commercial department, an assistant labour commissioner, a chief staff officer for commercial intelligence, a chief labour correspondent, a See also:

SPECIAL

special inquiry officer, and a staff of investigators and labour correspondents. The department also edits the Board of Trade See also:

Journal (started in 1886), giving items of commercial information, trade and See also:

TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff notices and various periodical returns. There are also branches which See also:

DEAL

deal with the See also:

CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, labour exchanges, &c. 2. The Railway Department was originally constituted in 1840, and performs multifarious duties under various railway acts, including the inspection of See also:

RAILWAYS

railways before they are open, inquiries into accidents, reports on proposed railways, approval of by-See also:

LAWS

laws, See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of arbitrators in disputes, as well as many duties under private railway acts. The inspection of tramways, their by-laws and " provisional orders " are all dealt with here, as are similar orders relating to See also:

gas and See also:

WATER

water schemes and to electric See also:

LIGHTING

lighting. There is a special office of inspection of railways with a chief inspecting officer (salary £1400) and an assistant staff. See also:

PATENTS

Patents, designs and trade marks are now dealt with by the patent office under the charge of a controller-general (salary £1800), which is subordinate to the railway department, and See also:

art unions and industrial exhibitions are also among the matters dealt with by the department. Annual returns with regard to its business are published by the department. 3.

The Marine Department was created a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the board of trade in 1850, about which time many new and important marine questions came under the board of trade, such, for example, as the survey of passenger steamers, the compulsory examination of masters and mates, the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

SHIPPING

shipping offices for the engagement and See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of See also:

SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen. Further work See also:

fell to the marine department by the act of 1853, which gave it the control of lighthouse funds, and to a certain extent of pilotage. The consolidating See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant Shipping Act of 1854 and subsequent legislation so much increased the department that in 1866 it was divided into three, viz. the present marine department, which deals with See also:

SHIPS

ships and seamen, the harbour department and the See also:

FINANCE

finance department. 4. The Harbour Department was, as stated above, a branch of the marine department until 1866, so far as it is connected with the See also:

PHYSICAL

physical adjuncts of navigation, but various other matters have since been added, e.g. the charge of the foreshores belonging to the crown, formerly managed by the commissioners of See also:

woods and forests, and the See also:

PROTECTION

protection of navigable harbours and channels, See also:

long under the control of the admiralty, provisional orders under the General See also:

PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

Pier and Harbour Acts and under the Pilotage Acts, and the See also:

settlement of by-laws made by harbour authorities. Control over the lighthouse funds of the lighthouse authorities of the United Kingdom, the registry of British ships, See also:

WRECK

wreck, See also:

SALVAGE (from Lat. salvus, safe)

salvage and See also:

QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine are all among the matters dealt with by this department, which also has charge of the See also:

STANDARDS

standards department for weights and See also:

MEASURES

measures. 5. The Finance Department was, like the harbour department, separated in 1866 from the marine department. The accounts of all the branches of the board of trade are in its charge, including the subordinate offices. It also deals with the accounts of harbours, lighthouses and See also:

MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine offices, and of the merchant seamen's fund, and with the consuls' accounts for disabled seamen abroad. Savings See also:

banks and seamen's See also:

MONEY

money orders are also among the accounts and payments with which it is charged, and outside these marine matters it has to prepare for parliament the See also:

LIFE

life See also:

INSURANCE

insurance companies' accounts and to take charge of the See also:

BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate accounts. 6.

The Bankruptcy Department was established under the 71st See also:

section of the Bankruptcy Act 1883. At its See also:

head is the inspector-general in bankruptcy (salary £1200). An See also:

account of the duties of the department will be found under BANKRUPTCY. 7. The See also:

FISHERIES

Fisheries Department.—By an act of 1886 the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

home office over See also:

salmon and other fisheries were transferred to the board of trade, and a small department was consequently created charged with the care of those See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries. But by an act of 1903 (3 Ed. VII. c. 31) the powers and duties of the board of trade under this department were transferred to the board of See also:

agriculture and fisheries.

End of Article: TRADE, BOARD OF

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