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See also:JOHN (1371–1419) , called the Fearless (Sans Peur), See also:duke of See also:Burgundy, son of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and See also:Margaret of See also:Flanders, was See also:born at See also:Dijon on the 28th of May 1371. On the See also:death of his maternal grandfather in 1384 he received the See also:title of See also:count of See also:Nevers, which he See also:bore until his See also:father's death. Though originally destined to be the See also:husband of See also:Catherine, See also:sister of See also:Charles VI. of See also:France, he married in 1385 Margaret, daughter of Duke See also:Albert of See also:Bavaria, an See also:alliance which consolidated his position in the See also:Netherlands. In the See also:spring of 1396 he took arms for See also:Hungary against the See also:Turks and on the 28th of See also:September was taken prisoner by the See also:Sultan Bayezid I. at the bloody See also:battle of See also:Nicopolis, where he earned his surname of " the Fearless." He did not recover his See also:liberty until 1397, and then only by paying an enormous See also:ransom. He succeeded his father in 1404, and immediately found himself in conflict with See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, the See also:young See also:brother of Charles VI. The See also:history of the following years is filled with the struggles between these two princes and with their attempts to seize the authority - in the name of the demented See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. John endeavoured to strengthen his position by marrying his daughter Margaret to the dauphin Louis, and by betrothing his son Philip to a daughter of Charles VI. Like his father, he looked for support to the popular party, to the tradesmen, particularly the powerful gild of the butchers, and also to the university of See also:Paris. In 1405 he opposed in the royal See also:council a See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of See also:taxation proposed by the duke of Orleans, which was nevertheless adopted. Louis retaliated by refusing to See also:sanction the duke of Burgundy's projected expedition against See also:Calais, whereupon John quitted the See also:court in chagrin on the pretext of taking up his See also:mother's heritage. He was, however, called back to the council to find that the duke of Orleans and the See also:queen had carried off the dauphin. John succeeded in bringing back the dauphin to Paris, and open See also:war seemed imminent between the two princes. But an arrangement was effected in See also:October 1405, and in 1406 John was made by royal See also:decree See also:guardian of the dauphin and the king's See also:children.
The struggle, however, soon revived with increased force. Hostilities had been resumed with See also:England; the duke of Orleans had squandered the See also:money raised for John's expedition against Calais; and the two rivals See also:broke out into open threats. On the loth of See also:November 1407 their See also:uncle, the duke of See also:Berry, brought about a See also:solemn reconciliation, but three days later Louis was assassinated by John's orders in the See also:Rue See also:Barbette, Paris. John at first sought to conceal his See also:share in the See also:murder, but ultimately decided to confess to his uncles, and abruptly See also:left Paris. His vassals, however, showed themselves determined to support him in his struggle against the See also:avengers of the duke of Orleans. The court decided to negotiate, and called upon the duke to return. John entered Paris in See also:triumph, and instructed the Franciscan theologian See also:Jean See also:Petit (d. 1411) to pronounce an See also:apology for the murder. But he was soon called back to his estates by a rising of the See also:people of See also:Liege against his brother-in-See also:law, the See also:bishop of that See also:town. The queen and the Orleans party took every See also:advantage of his See also:absence and had Petit's discourse solemnly refuted. John's victory over the Liegeois at Hasbain on the 23rd of September 1408, enabled him to return to Paris, where he
was reinstated in his See also:ancient privileges. By the See also:peace of See also:Chartres (See also:March 9, 1409) the king absolved him from the See also:crime, and Valentina See also:Visconti, the widow of the murdered duke, and her children pledged themselves to a reconciliation; while an See also:edict of the 27th of See also:December 1409 gave John the guardianship of the dauphin. Nevertheless, a new See also:league was formed against the duke of Burgundy in the following See also:year, principally at the instance of See also:Bernard, count of See also:Armagnac, from whom the party opposed to the Burgundians took its name. The peace of Bicetre (Nov. 2, 1410) prevented the outbreak of hostilities, inasmuch as the parties were enjoined by its terms to return to their estates; but in 1411, in consequence of ravages committed by the Armagnacs in the environs of Paris, the duke of Burgundy was called back to Paris. He relied more than ever on the support of the popular party, which then obtained the reforming Ordonnance Cabochienne (so called from See also:Simon See also:Caboche, a prominent member of the gild of the butchers). But the bloodthirsty excesses of the populace brought a See also:change. John was forced to withdraw to Burgundy (See also:August 1413), and the university of Paris and John See also:Gerson once more censured Petit's propositions, which, but for the lavish bribes of money and wines offered by John to the prelates, would have been solemnly condemned at the council of See also:Constance. John's attitude was undecided; he negotiated with the court and also with the See also:English;. who had just renewed hostilities with France. Although he talked of helping his See also:sovereign, his troops took no See also:part in the battle of See also:Agincourt (1415), where, however, two of his See also:brothers, See also:Anthony, duke of See also:Brabant, and Philip, count of Nevers, See also:fell fighting for France.
In 1417 John made an attack on Paris, which failed through his loitering at Lagny; 1 but on the 3oth of May 1418 a traitor, one Perrinet Leclerc, opened the See also:gates of Paris to the Burgundian See also:captain, See also:Villiers de 1'Isle See also:Adam. The dauphin, afterwards King Charles VI., fled from the town, and John betook himself to the king, who promised to forget the past. John, however, did nothing to prevent the surrender of See also:Rouen, which had been besieged by the English, and on which the See also:fate of the See also:kingdom seemed to depend; and the town was taken in 1419. The dauphin then decided on a reconciliation, and on the 11th of See also:July the two princes swore peace on the See also:bridge of Pouilly, near See also:Melun. On the ground that peace was not sufficiently assured by the Pouilly See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting, a fresh interview was proposed by the dauphin and took See also:place on the loth of September 1419 on the bridge of See also:Montereau, when the duke of Burgundy was felled with an See also:axe by Tanneguy du Chastel, one of the dauphin's companions, and done to death by the other members of the dauphin's escort. His See also:body was first buried at Montereau and afterwards removed to the See also:Chartreuse of Dijon and placed in a magnificent See also:tomb sculptured by Juan de la Huerta; the tomb was afterwards transferred to the museum in the hotel de ville.
By his wife, Margaret of Bavaria, he had one son, Philip the See also:Good, who succeeded him; and seven daughters—Margaret, who married in 1404 Louis, son of Charles VI., and in 1423 See also:Arthur, See also:earl of See also:Richmond and afterwards duke of See also:Brittany; See also:Mary, wife of Adolph of See also:Cleves; Catherine, promised in 1410 to a son of Louis of See also:Anjou; See also:Isabella, wife of See also:Olivier de See also:Chatillon, count of Penthievre; See also:Joanna, who died young; See also:Anne, who married John, duke of See also:Bedford, in 1423; and See also:Agnes, who married Charles I., duke of See also:Bourbon, in 1425.
See A. G. P. See also:Baron de See also:Barante, Histoire See also:des ducs de Bourgogne, (See also:Brussels, 1835—1836) ; B. See also:Zeller, Louis de France et Jean sans Peur (Paris, 1886) ; and E. Petit, Itineraire de Philippe le Hardi et de Jean sans Peur (Paris, 1888). (R.
End of Article: JOHN (1371–1419)
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