|
RICHMOND , the See also:capital of See also:Virginia, U.S.A., the See also:county-seat of Henrico county, and a See also:port of entry, on the See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:river (at the See also:head of See also:navigation), about See also:loo m. S. by W. of See also:Washington, D.C., and about 125 M. by See also:water from the See also:Atlantic Ocean. Pop. (1850) 27,570; (186o) 37,910; (1870) 51,038; (188o) 63,600; (189o) 81,388; (1900) 85,050, of whom 32,230 were negroes and 2865 were See also:foreign-See also:born; (1910 See also:census) 127,628. Richmond is served, by the Atlantic See also:Coast See also:Line, the Chesapeake & See also:Ohio, the Seaboard See also:Air Line, the See also:Southern and the Richmond, Fredericksburg & See also:Potomac See also:railways, and by the Old Dominion, the Virginia Navigation and the Chesapeake steamship lines. The See also:city has a beautiful situation on the hilly ground (maximum See also:elevation, about 250 ft. above See also:sea-level) along the See also:north and See also:east See also:banks of the James, at. a See also:bend where the river changes its See also:south-easterly course for one almost due south. It occupies seven hills, from which fact it has been called " the See also:Modern See also:Rome." The western. stretch of the river, opposite the city, breaks into rapids which have a fall of about 116 ft. in 9 m. and provide abundant water See also:power. Belle Isle (the site of a Confederate See also:prison See also:camp during the See also:Civil See also:War), about i m. See also:long by about t m. wide, is in this See also:part of the river; a little farther down stream are a See also:group of small islets, and opposite the south-eastern boundary of the city is See also:Mayo's See also:Island. Within the city's lines the river is crossed by two See also:bridges (to See also:Manchester) for vehicles and pedestrians, and three railway bridges. The river has been improved by Federal See also:engineers since 1870; in See also:June 1909 (up to which See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time $1,799,033 had been expended for improvements) there was a channel roo ft. wide and 18 ft. deep, nearly continuously from See also:Hampton Roads to the Richmond See also:wharf, and the maxi-mum draft at See also:low water was 16.1 ft.
About three-fourths of the city's See also:total See also:street mileage (120 m.) is paved, Belgian See also:block or macadam being used on the See also:principal thoroughfares. About 637.8 acres are devoted to city parks, among which are See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Byrd See also:Park (300 acres), in the western part of the city, See also:Joseph See also:Bryan Park (262.6 acres), Chimborazo Park (29 acres), near its. eastern boundary, Gambles See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill Park (8.8 acres), See also:Monroe Square (71 acres), See also:Jefferson Park .(6.3 acres) and See also:Marshall Square (7 acres). The See also:State Capitol Square (10 acres) is not owned by the city. See also:Half a mile N.W. of the city are the See also:Fair Grounds, where a state fair is held annually.
Of Richmond's public buildings, several have See also:great historic See also:interest. St See also:John's Episcopal See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, built in 1740 (and sub-sequently much enlarged), is noted especially as the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-See also:place of the Virginia See also:Convention of See also:March 1775, before which See also:Patrick See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry made a famous speech, ending, "I know not what course others may take, but as for 'me, Give me See also:liberty, or give me See also:death I" The Capitol (begun in 1785 and completed. in 2792—the wings were added in 1906) was .designed from a° See also:model and plans of the Maison Carree, at See also:Nimes, sup-plied by See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Jefferson, while he was See also:minister to See also:France. See also:Aaron See also:Burr was tried for See also:treason and then for See also:misdemeanour in this See also:building in 1807i the Virginia See also:secession convention met here in a86r, and during the Civil War the sessions of the See also:Con-federate See also:Congress were held here. In its rotunda is See also:Jean See also:Antoine See also:Houdon's full-length See also:marble statue of Washington, provided for by the Virginia See also:General See also:Assembly in 1784, and erected in 1796; its See also:base bears a See also:fine inscription written by James See also:Madison. In a, See also:niche is a Houdon bust of See also:Lafayette, a replica of the See also:original presented to the city of See also:Paris by the state of Virginia. The Old See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
Stone See also:House (the See also:oldest building in the city) was erected as a See also:residence in 1737, and is now used for a museum. Masons' See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, whose corner-stone was laid in 1785, is said to be the oldest exclusively Masonic building in the See also:United States. The Executive See also:Mansion of the Confederate States of See also:America, built in 1819, See also:purchased by the city in 1862, and leased to the Confederate See also:government and occupied by See also:President Jefferson See also:Davis in 1862-65, was acquired in 1890 by the Confederate Memorial Library Society, and is now a Confederate Museum with a See also:room for each state of the Confederacy and a general library in the• " Solid South " room; it has valuable See also:historical papers, collected by the Southern Historical Society, and the society has published a See also:Calendar of Confederate Papers (1908). The former residence of See also:Chief-See also:Justice John Marshall, built in 1795, is still See also:standing; and the See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee Mansion, which was the war-time residence of General See also:Robert ' E. Lee's See also:family, has been occupied, since 1893, . by the Virginia Historical Society (organized 1831; reorganized 1847) as the repository of a valuable library and collection of portraits of historical interest. Libby. Prison, which stood on the See also:northern See also:bank of a See also:canal, near the river, in the eastern part of the city, was taken down in 1888-89, and its materials removed to See also:Chicago, where it was reconstructed, in as nearly as possible its original See also:form, and became the Libby Prison War Museum?. The See also:Valentine Museum is in a house on See also:Eleventh and See also:Clay Streets, in which Aaron Burr was entertained while he was on trial, and which with $50,000 and his collections was devised to a See also:board of trustees in 1892 by See also:Mann S. Valentine. The museum includes 3300 books, many being of the 25th and 16th centuries, a See also:department of engravings; a Virginia Room with portraits and See also:relics, some tapestries, an excellent collection of casts and valuable See also:American archaeological specimens.
The more modern buildings include' the City Hall, a fine See also:granite structure (completed in 1893), with a See also:tower x8o ft., tall; the Library building which houses the state library (about 8o,000 volumes,, with many portraits and a valuable collection of' old See also:manuscripts), the State See also:Law Library and also the offices of most, of the state officials; the See also:Post-See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office and Customs House; the State See also:Penitentiary; the Chamber of See also:Commerce; and, among the religious edifices, the Sacred See also:Heart See also:Cathedral (See also:Roman See also:Catholic), presented to the city by Mr and Mrs Thomas F. See also:Ryan; the Monumental Church, built on the site of the Richmond See also:Theatre, in the burning of which, in 1811, Acting-See also:Governor See also:George W. See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith and fifty-nine others lost their lives; and St See also:Paul's Church, where Jefferson Davis was attending services, on the 2nd of See also:April 1865, when he received See also:news from
As built in Richmond in 1845 by See also:Luther Libby, it was a See also:brick structure, three storeys high in front and four in the. See also:rear. It had six rooms, each about 100X45 ft., was used as a See also:tobacco See also:ware-house and a See also:ship-chandlery until 1861, and then until the See also:capture of Richmond was used as a prison, chiefly. for Federal See also:officers. Frequently it was terribly overcrowded (by as many as 1200 prisoners at a time), the inmates often suffered great privations, and many died or were physically disabled for the See also:remainder of their lives.
General Lee that General See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
Grant had broken through the lines at See also:Petersburg and that Richmond must be evacuated. See also:Rosemary Library was given to the city by Thomas See also:Nelson See also:Page in memory of his wife, who died in 1888.
Richmond has many fine monuments and statues of historic interest and See also:artistic merit, the most noteworthy of the former being the Washington See also:Monument, in Capitol Square. In 185o the See also:commission accepted the model submitted by Thomas See also:Crawford (1814-1857), an American sculptor, the corner-stone of the monument was laid in that See also:year, and the equestrian statue of Washington, with sub-statues of Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, was unveiled on the 22nd of See also:February 1858. Thereafter were added sub-statues of Chief-Justice John Marshall and George See also:- MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
- MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
- MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
- MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
- MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
- MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
- MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
- MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
- MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
- MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)
Mason (1726-1792) by Crawford, and statues of
See also:Andrew See also:Lewis (1730—1781) and Thomas Nelson (1738-1789), and six allegorical subjects, by See also:Randolph See also:Rogers (1825-1892),
the monument being completed in 1869, at a cost of about $260,000, of which about $47,000 represented private gifts and the interest thereon. The greatest height of the monument is 6o ft., and the See also:diameter of its base is 86 ft. In Capitol Square are also a marble statue of Henry Clay, by See also:Joel T. See also:Hart (1810-1877), a See also:bronze statue of Stonewall See also:Jackson, by John Henry See also:Foley (1818-1874), an See also:English sculptor, " presented to the city by English gentlemen " (Hon. A. J. See also:Beresford-See also:Hope and others) and unveiled in 1875; a statue of See also:Hunter See also:Holmes McGuire (1835-1900), a famous Virginia surgeon; and a statue of William Smith (1796-1887), governor of Virginia in 1846-49 and in 1864-65. In Monroe Park is a statue by E. V. Valentine of Brig.-General See also:Williams See also:Carter Wickham (1820-1888) of the Con-federate See also:army. Another noteworthy monument is the See also:noble equestrian statue of General Robert E. Lee, surmounting a lofty granite See also:pedestal at the head of See also:Franklin Street. This statue, by See also:Marius Jean Antonin See also:Mercie (b. 1845), was unveiled in 189o. Adjacent is an equestrian statue of General J. E. B. See also:Stuart, by See also:Frederick Moynihan, and at the See also:west end of Monument See also:Avenue is the Jefferson Davis Monument, by W. C. Nowland, in front of which is a statue of Jefferson Davis, by E. V. Valentine. On Libby Hill, in the south-eastern part of the city, is a monument to the private soldiers and sailors of the
Confederacy.
In Hollywood See also:Cemetery (dedicated in 1849) are the See also:graves of
many famous men, including presidents James Monroe and John See also:Tyler; Jefferson Davis, John Randolph of See also:Roanoke, the Confederate generals, A. P. Hill, J. E. B. Stuart and George E. Pickett; See also:Commodore See also:Matthew F. See also:Maury (18o6-1873); James A. See also:Seddon (1815-r88o), Secretary of War of the Confederate States in 1862-64; and John R. See also:Thompson (1823-1873), widely known in his See also:day as a poet and as the editor of the
Southern See also:Literary Messenger in 1847-59. Here, too, are buried about 16,000 Confederate soldiers (to whose memory there is
a massive See also:pyramid of undressed granite, 40 ft. sq. at the base and 90 ft. high).
In the north-eastern part of the city is Oakwood Cemetery, in which are the graves of about 18,000 Confederate soldiers. Two See also:miles north-east of the city is the See also:National Cemetery, with graves of 6571 Federal soldiers (5700 unknown) most of whom were killed in the actions near Richmond.
Richmond is the seat of Richmond See also:College (opened in 1832; chartered in 184o; and co-educational since 1898), which in 1909-10 had 21 instructors and 341 students, of whom 55 were in the School of Law (established 187o; re-established 189o) ; the Woman's College (Baptist; opened in 1854), .which in 1909–10 had 20 instructors and 275 students; the Virginia See also:Mechanics' See also:Institute (1856), including a See also:Night School of Technology; the See also:Union Theological See also:Seminary in Virginia (Presbyterian; opened in 1824 and removed to Richmond in 1898 from See also:Hampden-See also:Sidney), which in 1909–10 had 7 instructors and 8o students; the Medical College of Virginia, (founded in 1838), which has medical, dental and pharmaceutical departments, and in 1909–10 had 5o teachers and 2533 students; the University College of See also:Medicine (1893), which has departments of medicine, See also:dentistry and See also:pharmacy, and in 19o9–Io had 57 teachers and 220 students; the See also:Hartshorn Memorial College (Baptist), for See also:women; and, for negroes, Virginia Union University, founded in 1899.
See also:periodicals (including several religious weeklies) are published in Richmond. The principal See also:newspapers are the Times-
See also:Dispatch (Democratic; Dispatch, 185o; Times, 1886; consolidated in 1903) and the News-See also:Leader (Democratic, 1899). Among the city's clubs are the Westmoreland and the See also:Commonwealth.
The city's charitable institutions include the Memorial (1903), Virginia Sheltering Arms (1889) and St See also:Luke's hospitals, the See also:Retreat for the Sick (1877), the See also:Eye, See also:Nose, See also:Ear and See also:Throat Infirmary (188o), the Confederate Soldiers' See also:Home (1884), supported
jointly by the state and the city, a Home for Needy Confederate Women (1900), the City See also:Almshouse and See also:Hospital, and several orphanages and homes for the aged.
Richmond is the leading manufacturing city of Virginia, the value of its factory products in 1905 being $28,202,607, an increase of 22.4% since 1900 and nearly 19% of the value of the state's factory products in this year. The chief See also:industry is the manufacture of tobacco for. smoking and chewing, of cigars and cigarettes and of See also:snuff. There are large See also:iron and See also:steel See also:works here, notably the See also:Tredegar Iron Works. Other important manufactures, with their product-values in 1905, are See also:lumber and planing-See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
mill products, $508,953; See also:fancy and See also:paper boxes and wooden packing boxes, $432,522; See also:coffee and spices, $245,689; foundry and See also:machine-See also:shop products, $238,576; and See also:saddlery and See also:harness, $235,839. Richmond is the port of entry for the See also:District of Richmond; in 1907 its imports were valued at $913,234 and its exports at $158,275; in 1909, its imports at $693,822 and its exports at $24,390. The city has a large jobbing and See also:retail See also:trade.
Richmond is governed under a See also:charter of 187o with amendments. The See also:mayor is elected for two years and has the See also:powers and authority in criminal cases of a justice of the See also:peace. The city See also:council is composed of a See also:common council (five members from each See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward, elected for two years) and of a board of aldermen (three members from each ward to be elected for four years). Other elective officers are the mayor, city treasurer, city sergeant, commonwealth See also:attorney, city See also:collector, city auditor, See also:sheriff and high See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable, elected for four years; and clerks of the various courts elected for eight years. The See also:commissioner of the See also:revenue is appointed for a See also:term of four years by the See also:judge of the See also:corporation See also:court. Three justices of the peace are elected from each ward for a term of two years. The city council appoints an attorney for the corporation, a city engineer, a city clerk, a See also:police justice, a board of See also:fire commissioners and a board of police commissioners, one from each ward, who have See also:control of the fire and police departments, respectively, and a number of other officers. The city owns its See also:gas works, water works and an electric-See also:lighting plant (1910) for municipal lighting. The See also:debt limit is set by the city charter at 18% of the assessed value of the taxable real See also:estate of the city. In 1909 the taxable real estate and See also:personal See also:property was valued at $108,663,716, and the city had no floating debt; on the 1st of February 1910, there were $10,706,318 See also:worth of bonds outstanding, and the sinking fund was $2,011,857.
An exploring party from See also:Jamestown, under command' of See also:Captain See also:Christopher See also:Newport (c. 1565-1617), and including Captain John Smith, sailed up the James river in 1607, and on the 3rd of June erected a See also:cross on one of the small islands opposite the site of the See also:present city. The first permanent See also:settlement within the present limits of the city was made in 1609 in the district long known as Rockett's. Later in the same year Captain Smith bought from the See also:Indians a See also:tract of See also:land on the east bank of the river, about 3 M. below this settlement, and near the site of the present Powhatan. This tract he named " None-such," and here he attempted to establish a small See also:body of soldiers who had occupied a less favourable site in the vicinity; but they objected to the See also:change and, being attacked by the Indians, sought the See also:protection of Smith, who made prisoners of their leaders, with the result, apparently, that the settlement was abandoned. In 1645 Fort See also:Charles was erected at the falls of the James as a frontier See also:defence. In 1676, during " See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon's See also:Rebellion," a party of Virginians under Bacon's command killed about 150 Indians who were defending a fort on a hill a See also:short distance east of the site of Richmond in the " See also:Battle of Bloody Run," so called because the See also:blood of the slain savages is said to have coloured the See also:brook (or " run ") at the base of the hill. See also:Colonel William Byrd,l who owned much land along the
1 The Byrds and their ancestors, the Steggs, were conspicuous in the See also:early See also:history of Virginia. The first of the family was Thomas Stegg (or Stegge) (d. 1651), born in See also:England, who became an See also:Indian trader on the James river as early as 1637, and had his home near what is now the See also:village of Westover, Charles City county. He See also:left his estate to his son Thomas (d. 1670), who settled at the falls of the James in 1661, and was auditor-general in 1664-167o. He was succeeded by his See also:nephew, William Byrd (1652-1704), who was born in See also:London, went to Virginia about 167o, became a successful Indian trader, was a member of the House of Burgesses in 1677-1682, was a supporter of Nathaniel Bacon at the beginning of
James river, at the falls, visited the tract in See also:September 173.3, and decided to found there the See also:town of Richmond, at the same time selecting and naming the present site of Petersburg. The name Richmond was suggested probably by the similarity of the site to that of Richmond on the See also:Thames. The settlement was laid out in April 1737 by See also:Major William Mayo (c. 1685–1744), and was incorporated as a town in 1742. The public records of the state were removed thither in 1777 from See also:Williamsburg, and in May 1779 Richmond was made the capital. On the 5th of See also:January 1781 the town was partly burned by a force of about Boo See also:British troops under Gen. See also:Benedict See also:Arnold, the 200 or 300 Virginians offering little resistance, and much of the damage being done by See also:Lieutenant-Colonel John G. See also:Simcoe's celebrated Rangers. Richmond was first chartered as a city 17.82, and in 1788 it was allowed a representative in the House of Delegates.
The importance of Richmond during the Civil War was principally due to its having been made the capital of the Confederate States (by See also:act of the Provisional Government on the 8th of May 1861). Its nearness to Washington, the material and manufacturing resources concentrated in it, and the moral importance attached to its See also:possession by both sides, caused it to be regarded as the centre of gravity of the military operations in the east to which the greatest leaders and the finest armies were devoted from 1861 to 1865. (See AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.) The city's See also:system of defences, which began to take form in May 1861, included a line of 17 heavy batteries, completely encircling it at an See also:average distance of about 2 m.; another line of smaller batteries and trenches, from about a mile (or less) to about 2 M. beyond the heavy batteries, and practically unbroken from the north bank of the James (west of the city) to about r m. west of that river (south of the city); and the See also:outer works, approximately paralleling the inner line, at distances of from 2 to 3 M. from this line north and east of the city. There was much confusion and lawlessness in Richmond during the earlier stages of the war. The city's police force was unable to See also:cope with the situation created by the influx of soldiers, gamblers and adventurers, and on the 1st of March 1862 President Davis (by authority of a See also:secret Act of the Confederate Congress passed on the 2nd of February) declared See also:martial law in the city and the See also:country within a See also:radius of To m., suspended the See also:writ of habeas corpus, and appointed General John H. Winder (1800-1865) to enforce military See also:rule. General Winder's arbitrary exercise of his power was, however, resented so vigorously by the citizens that on the 19th of April the Confederate Congress materially modified the law under which he received these powers from the president. The opening of M'Clellan's See also:Peninsula See also:Campaign (see See also:YORKTOWN; SEVEN DAYS, &c.) in 1862 caused great See also:apprehension in Richmond, and in May 1862 some of the government records were packed up and preparations made to ship them to a place of safety. The approach of the " See also:Monitor " and the Union gunboats up the James river caused a partial and temporary panic; President Davis appointed a day for See also:prayer, and the families of some of the See also:cabinet secretaries and many citizens fled the city precipitately; but confidence, restored by
" Bacon's Rebellion," was auditor-general of the See also:colony from 1687 until his death, and was a member of the See also:committee which founded the College of William and See also:Mary. His residence, within the limits of the present city of Richmond, was preserved until about 185o. His son William (1674-1744), the founder of Richmond—and above referred to—was educated in England; returned to Virginia in 1696; succeeded his See also:father as auditor-general of the colony, and was See also:receiver-general in 1705-1716. In 1727 he was appointed one of the commission (of which William Fitzwilliams and William Dandridge were the other members) to See also:mark the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia, concerning which undertaking he wrote (probably in 1737) The History of the Dividing Line. This with his other publications, A See also:Journey to the Land of See also:Eden and A Progress to the Mines, was published at Petersburg, Va., in 1841, and again (New See also:York, 1901) as The Writings of Colonel William Byrd of Westover in Virginia, edited by John S. Bassett, and including an extended See also:sketch of the Byrd family. Concerning Byrd's See also:style as a writer, See also:Professor Bassett says: " It would be hard to find before Franklin a better See also:master of the See also:art of See also:writing clear, forceful and charming English."
the checking of the See also:fleet at Drewry's See also:Bluff (Fort See also:Darling), about 8 m. below the city, on the 15th of May 1862, was increased by the battle of Fair Oaks and the Seven Days, after which the Army of the Potomac retreated. Unsuccessful attempts were made in February and March 1864 to See also:free the Federal prisoners in Richmond by means of See also:cavalry raids. The most important of these was that of General H. See also:Judson See also:Kilpatrick, a portion of whose force, under See also:Col. Ulric See also:Dahlgren (b. 1842), was annihilated, Dahlgren being killed (2nd March).
General U. S. Grant began the final campaign against Richmond in May 1864 (see See also:WILDERNESS and PETERSBURG). See also:Sheridan's cavalry, during the Richmond See also:Raid," carried the city's outer defences (May 12), but found the river line too strong to be taken by See also:assault and moved away. In June Grant's army crossed the James and attacked Lee in Petersburg. Then followed many months of unintermittent pressure upon both Petersburg and Richmond. General See also:Benjamin F. See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler captured the southern outer line of the Richmond defences on the 29th of September 1864. On the 2nd of April 1865 Petersburg See also:fell. Richmond was evacuated that night, after the ironclads, the bridges and many of the military and tobacco See also:store-houses had been set on fire by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of General R. S. See also:Ewell, so that when the Federal troops, under General See also:Godfrey Weitzel (1835–1884) entered the city on the following See also:morning (3rd April) a serious conflagration was under way, which was not extinguished until about one-third of the city, including several of its historic buildings, had been destroyed. During the war the principal iron foundry of the. Confederacy (Tredegar Iron Works) was in Richmond, and here most of the See also:cannon used by the Confederate armies were See also:cast. In 1910 the city of Manchester was annexed.
See William W. Henry, " Richmond on the James " in Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 100), edited by Lyman P. See also:Powell; and See also:Samuel Mordecai, Richmond in By-Gone Days (Richmond, 1856; and ed., 186o).
End of Article: RICHMOND
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!