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See also:MONROE, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (1758-1831) , fifth See also:president of the See also:United States, was See also:born on Monroe's See also:creek, a tributary of the See also:Potomac
See also:river, in Westmoreland See also:county, See also:Virginia, on the 28th of See also:April 1758. His See also:father, See also:Spence Monroe, was of Scotch, and his See also:mother, See also:Elizabeth See also:- JONES
- JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
- JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
- JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
- JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
- JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
- JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
- JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
- JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
- JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
- JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
- JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
- JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
- JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
- JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
- JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)
Jones, was of Welsh descent. At the See also:age of sixteen he entered the See also:College of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William and See also:Mary, See also:Williams-See also:burg, Virginia, but in 1776 he See also:left college to take See also:part in the See also:War for See also:Independence: He enlisted in the Third Virginia See also:regiment, in which he became a See also:lieutenant, and subsequently took part in the battles of Harlem Heights, See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White Plains, Trenton (where he was wounded), See also:Brandywine, See also:Germantown, and See also:Monmouth. In See also:November 1777 he was appointed volunteer aide-de-See also:camp to William See also:Alexander (" See also:Lord See also:Stirling "), with the See also:rank of See also:major, and thereby lost his rank in the See also:Continental See also:line; but in the following See also:year, at See also:Washington's solicitation, he received a See also:commission as lieutenant-See also:colonel in a new regiment to be raised in Virginia. In 178o he began the study of See also:law under See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Jefferson, then See also:governor of Virginia, and between the two there See also:developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful See also:influence upon Monroe's later career.
In 1782 he was elected to the Virginia See also:House of Delegates, and though only twenty-four years of age he was chosen a member of the governor's See also:council. He served in the See also:Congress of the See also:Con-federation from 1783 to 1786 and was there conspicuous for his vigorous insistence upon the right of the United States to the See also:navigation of the See also:Mississippi River, and for his See also:attempt, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the See also:power to regulate See also:commerce, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to remove one of the See also:great defects in the existing central See also:government. On retiring from Congress he began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia, was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787, and in 1788 was a member of the See also:state See also:convention which ratified for Virginia the Federal constitution. In 1790 he was elected to the United States See also:senate to fill the vacancy caused by the See also:death of William Grayson, and although in this See also:body he vigorously opposed Washington's See also:administration, Washington on the 27th of May 1794 nominated him as See also:minister to See also:France. It was the See also:hope of the administration that Monroe's well-known See also:French sympathies would secure for him a favourable reception, and that his See also:appointment would also conciliate the See also:friends of France in the United States. His warm reception in France and his enthusiastic Republicanism, however, displeased the Federalists at See also:home; he did nothing, moreover, to reconcile the French to the See also:Jay treaty (see JAY, See also:JOHN), which they regarded as a violation of the French treaty of See also:alliance of 1778 and as a possible casus See also:belli. The administration therefore decided that he was unable to represent his government properly and See also:late in 1796 recalled him.
Monroe returned to See also:America in the See also:spring of 1797, and in the following See also:December published a See also:defence of his course in a pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive in the See also:Foreign Affairs of the United States, and printed in See also:Philadelphia by See also:Benjamin See also:Franklin See also:Bache (1769–1798). Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this, though Monroe's See also:opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a See also:change in his later years. In 1799 Monroe was chosen governor of Virginia and was twice re-elected, serving until 1802. At this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time there was much uneasiness in the United States as a result of See also:Spain's restoration of See also:Louisiana to France by the See also:secret treaty of See also:San Ildefonso, in See also:October 1800; and the subsequent withdrawal of the " right of See also:deposit " at New See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans by the See also:Spanish See also:intendant greatly increased this feeling and led to much talk of war. Resolved upon peaceful See also:measures, President Jefferson in See also:January 1803 appointed Monroe See also:envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France to aid See also:Robert R. See also:Livingston, the See also:resident minister, in obtaining by See also:purchase the territory at the mouth of the Mississippi, including the See also:island of New Orleans, and at the same time authorized him to co-operate with See also:Charles See also:Pinckney, the minister at See also:Madrid, in securing from Spain the cession of See also:East and See also:West See also:Florida. On the 18th of April Monroe was further commissioned as the See also:regular minister to Great See also:Britain. He joined Livingston in See also:Paris on the 12th of April, after the negotiations were well under way; and the two ministers, on finding See also:Napoleon willing
In 1816 Monroe was chosen president of the United States; he received 183 electoral votes, and See also:Rufus See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King, his Federalist opponent, 34. In 1820 he was re-elected, receiving all the electoral votes but one, which William Plumer (1759–1850) of New See also:Hampshire See also:cast for John See also:Quincy See also:- ADAMS
- ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
- ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
- ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
- ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
- ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
- ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
- ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
- ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
- ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)
Adams, in order, it is said, that no one might See also:share with Washington the See also:honour of a unanimous See also:election. The See also:chief events of his administration, which has been called the " era of See also:good feeling," were the See also:Seminole War (1817–18); the acquisition of the Floridas from Spain (1819–21); the "See also:Missouri See also:Compromise " (182o), by which the first conflict over See also:slavery under the constitution was peacefully adjusted; the See also:veto of the See also:Cumberland Road See also:Bill (1822)1 on constitutional grounds; and—most
1 The Cumberland (or See also:National) Road from Cumberland, Mary-See also:land, to See also:Wheeling, West Virginia, was projected in 18o6, by an See also:appropriation of 1819 was extended to the See also:Ohio River, by an See also:act of 1825 (signed by Monroe on the last See also:day of his See also:term of See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office) was continued to See also:Zanesville, and by an act of 1829 was extended west-See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward from Zanesville. The appropriation of 1806 for the construction of the road had brought into national politics the question of the authority of the Federal government to make " See also:internal improvements." The bill vetoed by Monroe would in effect have given to the Federal government See also:jurisdiction over the road; and in his elaborate memorandum (May 4, 1822) accompanying his veto See also:message, Monroe discussed at length the constitutional questions involved, argued that the Federal government was empowered by the Constitution to appropriate See also:money for " internal improvements," and in See also:concert with the states through which a road was to pass might supervise the construction of such a road, but might not exercise jurisdiction over it, and advocated the See also:adoption of an See also:amendment to the constitution giving larger power to the Federal government " confined to great national See also:works only, since, if it were unlimited it would be liable to abuse, and might be productive of evil." For the See also:history of the Cumberland Road, see See also:Archer B. Hulbert, The Cumberland Road (See also:Cleveland, Ohio, 1904).
II
intimately connected with Monroe's name—the enunciation in the presidential message of the 2nd of December 1823 of what has since been known as the Monroe See also:Doctrine (q.v.), which has profoundly influenced the foreign policy of the United States. On the expiration of his second term he retired to his home at See also:Oak See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill, See also:Loudoun county, Virginia. In 1826 he became a See also:regent of the university of Virginia, and in 1829 was a member of the convention called to amend the state constitution. Having neglected his private affairs and incurred large expenditures during his See also:missions to See also:Europe, he experienced considerable pecuniary embarrassment in his later years, and was compelled to ask Congress to reimburse him for his expenses in the public service. Congress finally (in 1826) authorized the See also:payment of $30,000 to him, and after his death appropriated a small amount for the purchase of his papers from his heirs. He died in New See also:York See also:City on the 4th of See also:July 1831, while visiting his daughter, Mrs See also:Samuel L. Gouverneur. In 1858, the centennial year of his See also:birth, his remains were reinterred with impressive ceremonies at See also:Richmond, Virginia. Jefferson, See also:Madison, John Quincy Adams, See also:Calhoun, and See also:Benton all speak loudly in Monroe's praise; but he suffers by comparison with the greater statesmen of his time. Possessing none of their brilliance, he had, nevertheless, to use the words of. John Quincy Adams, " a mind . . . See also:sound in its ultimate judgments, and See also:firm in its final conclusions." See also:Schouler points out that like Washington and See also:Lincoln he was " conspicuous . . . for patient considerateness to all sides." Monroe was about six feet tall, but, being stoop-shouldered and rather ungainly seemed less; his eyes, a greyish See also:blue, were deep-set and kindly; his See also:face was delicate, naturally refined, and prematurely lined. The best-known portrait, that by See also:Vanderlyn, is in the New York City See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall. Monroe was married in 1786 to Elizabeth Kortwright (1768–1830) of New York, and at his death was survived by two daughters.
See The Writings of James Monroe (7 vols., New York, 1898–1903), edited by S. M. See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton; See also:Daniel C. See also:Gilman, James Monroe (See also:Boston, 1883), in the " See also:American Statesman See also:Series "; J. R. Irelan, History of the See also:Life, Administration and Times of James Monroe, being vol. v. of his See also:Republic (See also:Chicago, 1887) ; John Quincy Adams, The Lives of James Madison and James Monroe (See also:Buffalo, 185o) ; B. W. See also:Bond, jun., Monroe's See also:Mission to France, 1794–1796 (See also:Baltimore, 1907) ; See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Adams, History of the United States (9 vols., New York, 1889-1891), containing a full but unsympathetic See also:account of Monroe's career as a diplomatist; and James Schouler, History of the United States, vols. ii. and iii. (New York, 1894), which estimates his public services highly.
End of Article: MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)
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