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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND , a See also:city and See also:port of entry in the See also:state of See also:Ohio, U.S.A., and the See also:county-seat of Cuyahoga county, the See also:sixth largest city in the See also:United States. It is on See also:Lake See also:Erie at the mouth of Cuyahoga See also:river, about 26o m. N.E. of See also:Cincinnati, 357 M. E. of See also:Chicago, and 623 M. W. by N. of New See also:York. Pop. (1890) 261,353; (1900) 381,768, of whom 124,631 were See also:foreign-See also:born, 288,591 were of foreign parentage (i.e. having one or both parents foreign-born), and 5988 were negroes; (1910) 560,663. Of the 124,631, who in Igoo were foreign-born, Germans were greatly predominant (40,648, or 32.6%), with the Bohemians (13,599, or 10.9%) and Irish (13,120, or 1o•6%) next in importance, the Bohemians being later corners than the Irish.
The city commands pleasant views from its position on a See also:plateau, which, at places on bluffs along the See also:shore, has elevations of about 75 ft. above the See also:water below, and rises gradually toward the S.E. to 115 ft. and on the extreme E. border to more than 200 ft. above the lake, or about 800 ft. above See also:sea-level; the See also:surface has, however, been cut deeply by the Cuyahoga, which here pursues a meandering course through a valley about
m. wide, and is also broken by several smaller streams. The city's shore-See also:line is more than 12 M. See also:long. The city varies considerably in width, and occupies a See also:total See also:area of about 41 sq. m., much the greater See also:part of which is E. of the river. The streets are of unusual width (varying' from 6o ft. to 132 ft.); are paved chiefly with See also:Medina dressed See also: About m. from the lake and the same distance E. of the river is the Public Square, or Monumental See also:Park, in the business centre of the city. Thence the See also:principal thoroughfares radiate. The river is spanned with See also:bridges, and its valley by two viaducts, the larger of which (completed in 1878 at a cost of more than $2,000,000), 3211 ft. long, 64 ft. wide, and 68 ft. above water, connects See also:Superior See also:Avenue on the E. with See also:Detroit Avenue on the W. The Central Viaduct, finished in 1888, extends from Central Avenue to W. 14th See also:Street, and there connects with a smaller viaduct across See also:Walworth Run, the combined length of the two being about 4000 ft. Another viaduct (about 83o ft. long) crosses Kingsbury Run a See also:short distance above its mouth. See also:Lower See also:Euclid Avenue (the old See also:country road to Euclid, O., and Erie, Pa.) is given up to commercial uses; the eastern part of the avenue has handsome houses with spacious and beautifully ornamented grounds, and is famous as one of the finest See also:residence streets in the country. Sections of Prospect Avenue, E. 40th, E. 93rd, E. 75th, E. 55th, W. 44th and E. 79th streets also have many See also:fine residences. The principal business thoroughfares are Superior Avenue (132 ft. wide), the W. part of Euclid Avenue, and See also:Ontario St. The manufacturing quarters are chiefly in the valley of the Cuyahoga, and along the railway tracks entering the city, chiefly on the E. See also:side. In 1902 the city arranged for grouping its public buildings—in the so-called " See also:Group See also:Plan "—at a cost of $25,000,000. The See also:court-See also:house and city See also: The See also:Arcade, between Euclid and Superior avenues, and the Colonial Arcade, between Euclid and Prospect avenues, are office and See also:retail See also:store buildings worthy of mention. The former, finished in 1889, is 400 ft. long, 18o ft. wide, and 140 ft, high, with a large interior court, overlooked by five balconies. The Colonial Arcade contains a hotel as well; it was finished in 1898. In the Public Square is a soldiers' and sailors' See also:monument consisting of a granite See also:shaft rising from a memorial See also:room to a height of 125 ft., and surmounted with a figure of See also:Liberty; in the same park, also, is a See also:bronze statue of See also:Moses Cleaveland, the founder of the city. On a commanding site in Lake View See also:Cemetery is the Garfield Memorial (finished in 189o) in the See also:form of a See also:tower (165 ft. high), designed by See also:George See also:Keller and built mostly of Ohio See also:sandstone; in the See also:base is a See also:chapel containing a statue of Garfield and several panels on which are portrayed various scenes in his See also:life; his remains are in the See also:crypt below the statue. A See also:marble statue of See also:Commodore See also:Oliver H. See also:Perry, erected in See also:commemoration of his victory on Lake Erie in 1813, is in See also:Wade Park, where there is also a statue of See also:Harvey See also:Rice (1800-1891), who reformed the Ohio public school See also:system and wrote Pioneers of the Western Reserve (1882) and Sketches of Western Life (x888).
The parks contain altogether more than 1500 acres. A See also:chain of parks connected by driveways follows the picturesque valley of Doan See also:Brook on the E. border of the city. At the mouth of the brook and on the lake front is the beautiful See also:Gordon Park of 122 acres, formerly the private See also:estate of See also: H. Wade) in which are a zoological See also:garden and a lake. Lake View Park along the lake shore contains only 1oa acres, but is a much frequented resting-See also:place near the business centre of the city,, and affords pleasant views of the lake and its See also:commerce. Monumental Park is divided into four sections (containing about 1 See also:acre each) by Superior Avenue and Ontario Street. Of the several cemeteries, Lake View (about 300 acres), on an elevated site on the E. border, Is by far the largest and most beautiful, its natural beauty having been enhanced by the landscape gardener. Besides Garfield, John See also:Hay and See also:Marcus A. See also:Hanna are buried here. See also:Education.—Cleveland has an excellent public school system. A See also:general state See also:law enacted in 1904 placed the management of school affairs in the hands of an elective See also:council of seven members, five chosen at large and two by districts. This See also:board has See also:power to appoint a school director and a See also:superintendent of instruction. The superintendent appoints the teaching force, the director all other employes; appointments are subject to See also:confirmation by the board, and all employes are subject to removal by the executive officials alone. The " Cleveland plan," in force in the public See also:schools, minimizes school routine, red tape and frequent See also:examinations, puts See also:great stress on domestic and See also:manual training courses, and makes promotion in the See also:grammar schools depend on the general knowledge and development of the See also:pupil, as estimated by a teacher who is supposed to make a careful study of the individual. In 1909 there were 8 high schools and 90 grammar schools in the city; more than $2,500,000 is annually expended by Cleveland on its public schools. Besides the public school system there are many parochial schools; the University school, with an eight years' course; the Western Reserve University, with its medical school (opened in 1843), the See also:Franklin T. Backus Law School (1892), the dental department (1892), Adelbert See also:College (until 1882 the Western Reserve College, founded in 1826, at See also:Hudson, Ohio), the College for See also:Women (1888), and the Library school (r9o4); St See also:Ignatius College (Roman Catholic, conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus; incorporated 1890), which has an excellent meteorological See also:observatory; St See also:Mary's theological See also:seminary (Roman Catholic); the See also:Case School of Applied See also:Science, founded in 188o by Leonard Case (1820-188o), and opened in 1881; the Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons (founded in 1863; from 1869 until 1896 the medical department of the University of See also:Wooster; since 1896 a part of Ohio Wesleyan University, See also:Delaware, Ohio), the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, the Cleveland School of See also:Pharmacy, the Cleveland Art School, and a school for the See also:deaf, dumb and See also:blind. In 1907–1908 Western Reserve University had 193 instructors and 914 students (277 in Adelbert College; 269 in College for Women; 20 in See also:graduate department; and 102 in medical, 133 in law, 75 in dental and 51 in Library school); and the Case School of Applied Science 40 instructors and 440 students. The public library contained 330,000 volumes in 1908, the Case library (subscription) 65,000 volumes, the See also:Hatch library of Adelbert College about 56,000 volumes, the library of the Western Reserve See also:Historical Society 22,500 volumes, and the Cleveland law library, in the court house, 20,000 volumes. ' The city has a highly See also:developed system of charitable and corrective institutions. A See also:farm of more than x600 acres, the Cleveland Farm See also:Colony, 11 m. from the city, takes the place of workhouses, and has many cottages in which live those of the city's poor who were formerly classed as paupers and were sent to poorhouses, and who now apply their labour to the farm and are relieved from the stigma that generally attaches to inmates of poorhouses. On the " farm " the city maintains an " infirmary See also:village," a See also:tuberculosis See also:sanatorium, a detention See also:hospital, a convalescent hospital and houses of correction. On a farm 22 M. from the city is the Boyville See also:Home (maintained in connexion with the juvenile court) for " incorrigible " boys. The " cottage " plan has been adopted; each cottage is presided over by a See also:man and wife whom the boys See also:call See also:father and See also:mother. The boys have a government of their own, elect their officials from among them-selves, and inflict such See also:punishment on any of their number as the boys deem merited. Besides the city, there are the See also:Northern Ohio (for the insane, founded in 1855), the Cleveland general. Lake Side (endowed), St See also:Alexis and the Charity hospitals (the last managed by Sisters of Charity). The See also:Goodrich House (1897), the Hiram House and the Alta House are among the best equipped and most efficient social settlements in the country. Cleveland has also its See also:orphan asylums, homes for the aged, homes for incurables, and See also:day nurseries, besides a home for sailors, homes for See also:young working women, and retreats for unfortunate girls. The various charity and benevolent institutions are closely See also:bound together on a co-operative basis by the agency of the associated charities.
The principal See also:newspapers of the city are the See also:Plain Dealer (1841, See also:independent), the See also:Press (1878, independent), the See also:Leader (1847, Republican), and the See also:News (1889, Republican). Bohemian, Hungarian and See also:German dailies are published.
Municipal Enterprise.—Municipal ownership has been a greater issue in Cleveland than in any other large city in the United States, chiefly because of the advocacy of Tom Loftin See also: The municipal garbage plant (destructor) collects and reduces to fertilizer ma tons of garbage per day. The See also:sale of the fertilizer more than pays for the cost of reduction, and the only expense the city has is in See also:collecting it. In the city's six bath houses the See also:average number of See also:baths per day, per house, in 1906, was 1165. The municipal street cleaning department cleans all streets by the wet See also:process. To do this the city maintained (1906) 24 See also:flushing wagons working 2 shifts of 8 See also:hours each per day. A new street See also:car company began operations on the 1st of See also:November 1906, charging a 3 cent fare. The grants of this company were owned by the Forest City Railway Company and the See also:property was leased to the Municipal See also:Traction Company (on behalf of the public—the city itself not being empowered to own and operate street See also:railways). In 1908 the Cleveland Electric Street Railway See also:Corporation (See also:capital $23,000,000), which owned most of the electric lines in the city, was forced to See also:lease its property to the municipality's holding company, receiving a " See also:security See also:franchise," providing that under certain circumstances (e.g. if the holding company should See also:default in its See also:payment of See also:interest) the property was to revert to the corporation, which was then to See also:charge not more than twenty-five cents for six tickets. In See also:October 1908, at a See also:special See also:election, the security franchise was invalidated, and the entire railway system was put in the hands of receivers. In 1909 Johnson was defeated. In 1910 a 25-See also:year franchise was granted to the Cleveland See also:Rail-way Company, under which a 3-cent fare is required if the company can See also:earn 6% on that basis, and 4 cents (7 tickets for 25 cents) is the maximum fare, with a cent See also:transfer charge, re-turned when the transfer is used. Commerce.—To meet the demands of the rapidly increasing commerce the See also:harbour has been steadily improved. In 1908 it consisted of two distinct parts, the See also:outer harbour being the See also:work of the federal government, and the inner harbour being under the See also:control of the city. The outer harbour was formed by two breakwaters enclosing an area of 2 M. long and 1700 ft. wide; the See also:main entrance, 500 ft. wide, lying opposite the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, 1350 ft. distant. The See also:depth of the harbour ranges from 21 to 26 ft.; and by improving this entrance, so as to make it 700 ft. wide, and loon ft. farther from the shore, and extending the See also:east See also:breakwater 3 m., the capacity of the outer harbour has been doubled. The inner harbour comprises the Cuyahoga, the old river See also:bed, and connecting slips. The channel at the mouth of the river (325 ft. wide) is lined on the W. side by a See also:concrete See also:jetty 1054 ft. long, and on the E. side by commercial docks. The river and old river bed furnish about 13 M. of safe See also:dock frontage, the channel having been dredged for 6 m. to a depth of 21 ft. The commerce of the harbour of Cleveland in 1907 was 12,872,448 tons.
Cleveland's rapid growth both as a commercial and as a manufacturing city is due largely to its situation between the iron regions of Lake Superior and the See also:coal and oil regions of See also:Pennsylvania and Ohio. Cleveland is a great railway centre and is one of the most important ports on the Great Lakes. The city is served by the Lake Shore & See also:Michigan See also:Southern; the New York, Chicago & St See also: The most important manufactures are iron and See also:steel, See also:carriage hardware, See also:electrical supplies, bridges, boilers, engines, car wheels, sewing See also:machines, See also:printing presses, agricultural implements, and various other commodities made wholly or chiefly from iron and steel. Other important manufactures are automobiles (value, 1905, $4,256,979) and telescopes. More steel See also:wire, wire nails, and bolts and nuts are made here than in any other city in the world (the total value for iron and steel products as classified by the See also:census was, in 1905, $42,930.995, and the value of foundry and See also:machine-See also:shop products in the same year was $18,832,487), and more See also:merchant vessels than in any other American city. Cleveland is the headquarters of the largest See also:shoddy See also:mills in the country (value of product, 1905, $1,084,594), makes much clothing (1905, $10,426,535), manu-factures a large portion of the chewing See also:gum made in the United States, and is the site of one of the largest refineries of the See also:Standard Oil Company. The product of Cleveland breweries in 1905 was valued at $3,986,059, and of slaughtering and See also:meat-packing houses in the same year at $10,426,535. The total value of factory products in 1905 was $172,115,101, an increase of 36.4% since 1900; and between 1900 and 1905 Cleveland became the first manufacturing city in the state.
Government.—Since Cleveland became a city in 1836 it has undergone several important changes in government. The See also:charter of that year placed the See also:balance of power in a council composed of three members chosen from each See also: Especially has this been manifested by the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and by the Municipal Association, an organization of influential professional and business men, which, by issuing bulletins concerning candidates at the primaries and at election See also:time, has done much for the See also:betterment of See also:local politics.- The Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, an organization of 1600 leading business men, is a power for varied See also:good in the city; besides its See also:constant and aggressive work in promoting the commercial interests of the city, it was largely influential in the federal reform of the consular service; it studied the question of overcrowded tenements and secured the passage of a new See also:tenement law with important sanitary provisions and a set minimum of See also:air space; it urges and promotes home-gardening, public baths and See also:play-grounds, and lunch-rooms, &c., for employes in factories; and it was largely instrumental in devising and carrying out the so-called " Group Plan " described above. See also:History.—A trading post was established at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river as See also:early as 1786, but the place was not permanently settled until 1796, when it was laid out as a See also:town by Moses Cleaveland (1754-18o6), who was then acting as the See also:agent of the See also:Connecticut See also:Land Company, which in the year before had See also:purchased from the state of Connecticut a large portion of the Western Reserve. In 1800 the entire Western Reserve was erected into the county of See also:Trumbull and a township government was given to Cleveland; ten years later Cleveland was made the seat of government of the new county of Cuyahoga, and in 1814 it was incorporated as a village. Cleveland's growth was, how-ever, very slow until the opening of the Ohio See also:canal as far as See also:Akron in 1827; about the same time the improvement of the harbour was begun, and by 1832 the canal was opened to the Ohio river. Cleveland thus was connected with the interior of the state, for whose See also:mineral and agricultural products it became the lake outlet. The See also:discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region made Cleveland the natural See also:meeting-point of the iron ore and the coal from the Ohio, Pennsylvania and See also:West See also:Virginia mines; and it is from this that the city's great commercial importance See also:dates. The See also:building of railways during the See also:decade 1850-186o greatly increased this importance, and the city See also:grew with great rapidity. The growth during the See also:Civil See also:War was partly due to the rapid development of the manufacturing interests of the city, which supplied large quantities of iron products and of clothing to the Federal government. The See also:population of 1076 in 1830 increased to 607r in 1840, to 17,034 in 185o, to 43,417 in 186o, to 92,829 in 187o and to 160,146 in 1880. Until 1853 the city was confined to the E. side of the river, but in that year Ohio City, which was founded in 1807, later incorporated as the village of See also:Brooklyn, and in 1836 chartered as a city (under the name Ohio City), was annexed. Other annexations followed: East Cleveland in 1872, Newburg in 1873, West Cleveland and Brooklyn in 1893, and Glenville and South Brooklyn in 1905. In recent history the most notable events not mentioned elsewhere in this See also:article were the elaborate celebration of the centennial of the city in 1896 and the street railway strike of 1899, in which .the workers attempted to force a redress of grievances and a recognition of their union. Mobs attacked the cars, and cars were blown up by See also:dynamite. The strikers were beaten, but certain abuses were corrected. There was a less violent street car strike in 1908, after the See also:assumption of control by the Municipal Traction Company, which refused to raise See also:wages according to promises made (so the employees said) by the former owner of the railway; the strikers were unsuccessful. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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