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BROOK -See also:FARM, the name applied to a See also:tract of See also:land in See also:West See also:Roxbury, See also:Massachusetts, on which in 1841–1847 a communistic experiment was unsuccessfully tried. The experiment was one of the See also:practical , manifestations of the spirit of " Trans« cendentalism," in New See also:England, though many df the more prominent transcendentalists took no See also:direct See also:part in it. The project was originated by See also:George See also:Ripley, who also virtually directed it throughout. In his words it was intended " to insure a more natural See also:union between 'intellectual and See also:manual labour than now exists; to combine the thinker and the worker, as far as possible, in the same individual; to See also:guarantee the highest See also:mental freedom by providing all with labour adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their See also:industry; to do away with the See also:necessity of See also:menial services by opening the benefits of See also:education and the profits of labour to all; and thus to prepare a society of liberal, intelligent and cultivated persons whose relations with each other *would permit a more See also:simple and wholesome See also:life than can be led amidst the pressure of our competitive institutions." In See also:short, its aim was to bring about the best conditions for an ideal' See also:civilization, reducing to a minimum the labour necessary for See also:mere existence, and by this and by the simplicity of its social machinery saving the 'maximum of See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time for mental and spiritual education and development. At a time when See also:Ralph See also:Waldo See also:Emerson could write to See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Carlyle, " We are all a little See also:wild here with numberless projects of social reform; not a See also:reading See also:man but has a draft of a new community in his waistcoat See also:pocket,"—the Brook Farm project certainly did not appear as impossible a See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme as many others that were in the See also:air. At all events it enlisted the co-operation of men whose subsequent careers shove them to have been something more than visionaries. The association bought a tract of land about s0 m. from See also:Boston, and' in the summer of 1841 began its enterprise with about twenty members. In See also:September the " Brook Farm See also:Institute of- Agri ' culture and Education " was formally organized, the members
See also:signing the Articles of Association and forming an unincorporated See also:joint-stock See also:company. The farm was assiduously, if not very skilfully, cultivated, and other See also:industries were established—most of the members paying by labour for their board—but nearly all of the income, and sometimes all of it, was derived from the school, which deservedly took high See also:rank and attracted many pupils. Among these were included George See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Curtis and his See also:brother See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Burrill Curtis, See also:Father See also:Isaac Thomas See also:Hecker (1819-1888), See also:General See also:Francis C. See also:Barlow (1834-1896), who as See also:attorney-general of New See also:York in 1871-1873 took a leading part in the See also:prosecution of the " See also:Tweed See also:Ring." For three years the undertaking went on quietly and simply, subject to few outward troubles other than See also:financial, the number of associates increasing to seventy or eighty. It was during this See also:period that Nathaniel See also:Hawthorne had his short experience of Brook Farm, of which so many suggestions appear in the Blithe-See also:dale See also:Romance, though his See also:preface to later See also:editions effectually disposed of the idea—which gave him See also:great pain—that he had either See also:drawn his characters from persons there, or had meant to give any actual description of the See also:colony. Emerson refused, in a See also:kind and characteristic See also:letter, to join the undertaking, and though he afterwards wrote of Brook Farm with not uncharitable See also:humour as " a perpetual See also:picnic, a See also:French Revolution in small, an See also:age of See also:reason in a patty-See also:pan," among its founders were many of his near See also:friends. In 1844 the growing need of a more scientific organization, and the See also:influence which F. M. C. See also:Fourier's doctrines, as modified by See also:Albert See also:Brisbane (1809-1890), had gained in the minds of Ripley and many of his associates, combined to See also:change the whole See also:plan of the community. It was transformed, with the strong approval of all its See also:chief members and the consent of the See also:rest, into a Fourierist "See also:phalanx" in 1845. There was an See also:accession of new members, a momentary increase of prosperity, a brilliant new undertaking in the publication of a weekly See also:journal, the See also:Harbinger, in which Ripley, See also:Charles A. See also:Dana, Francis G. See also:Shaw and See also:John S. See also:Dwight were the chief writers, and to which James See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell See also:Lowell, J. G. See also:Whittier, George William Curtis, Parke See also:Godwin, T. W. See also:Higginson, See also:Horace See also:Greeley and many more now and then contributed. But the individuality of the old Brook Farm was gone. The association was not rescued even from financial troubles by the change. With increasing difficulty it kept on till the See also:spring of 1846, when a See also:fire which destroyed its nearly completed " phalanstery " brought losses which caused, or certainly gave the final ostensible reason for, its See also:dissolution. The experiment was abandoned in the autumn of 1847. Besides Ripley and Hawthorne, the See also:principal members of the community were Charles A. Dana, John. S. Dwight, See also:Minot See also:Pratt (c. 1805-1878), the See also:head See also:farmer, who, like George See also:Partridge See also:Bradford (1808-1890), See also:left in 1845, and See also:Warren See also:Burton (1810-1866) a preacher and, later, a writer on educational subjects. Indirectly connected with the experiment, also, as visitors for longer or shorter periods but never as See also:regular members, were Emerson, See also:Amos Bronson See also:Alcott, See also:Orestes A. See also:Brownson, See also:Theodore See also:Parker and William See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Channing, See also:Margaret See also:Fuller and See also:Elizabeth See also:Palmer See also:Peabody. The See also:estate itself, after passing through various hands, came in 1870 into the See also:possession of the " Association of the Evangelical Lutheran See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church for See also:Works of See also:Mercy," which established here an See also:orphan-age, known as the " See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin See also:Luther Orphan See also:Home."
The best See also:account of Brook Farm is See also:Lindsay See also:Swift's Brook Farm, Its Members, Scholars and Visitors (New York, 1900). Brook Farm: Historic and See also:Personal See also:Memoirs (Boston, 1894), is by Dr J. T. Codman, one of the pupils in the school. See also See also:Morris Hillquit`s See also:History of See also:Socialism in the See also:United States (New York, 1903). (E. L.
End of Article: BROOK
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