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LOWELL , a See also:city and one of the See also:county-seats (See also:Cambridge being the other) of See also:Middlesex county, See also:Massachusetts, U.S.A., situated in the N.E. See also:part of the county at the confluence of the See also:Concord and Merrimack See also:rivers, about 25 M. N.W. of See also:Boston. Pop. (1890) 77,696; (1900) 94,969, of whom 40,974 were See also:foreign-See also:born (14,674 being See also:French See also:Canadian, 12,147 Irish, 4485 See also:English Canadian, 4446 English, 1203 See also:Greek, 1099 Scotch) ; (1910 See also:census), 106,294. Lowell is served by the Boston & See also:Maine and the New See also:York, New Haven & See also:Hartford See also:railways, and by interurban electric lines. The See also:area of Lowell is 14.1 sq. m., much the larger part of which is S. of the Merrimack. The city is irregularly laid out. Its centre is See also:Monument Square, in Merrimack See also:Street, where are a See also:granite monument to the first Northerners killed in the See also:Civil See also:War, See also:Luther C. See also:Ladd and A. O. See also:Whitney (both of Lowell), whose See also:regiment was mobbed in See also:Baltimore on the 19th of See also:April 1861 while marching to See also:Washington; and a See also:bronze figure of Victory (after one by See also:Rauch in the See also:Valhalla at Ratisbon), commemorating the See also:Northern See also:triumph in the Civil War. The Lowell textile school, opened in 1897, offers courses in See also:cotton manufacturing, See also:wool manufacturing, designing, See also:chemistry and See also:dyeing, and textile See also:engineering; evening See also:drawing See also:schools and See also:manual training in the public schools have contributed to the high degree of technical perfection in the factories. The See also:power gained from the See also:Pawtucket Falls in the Merrimack See also:river has See also:long been found insufficient for these. A network of canals supplies from 14,000 to 24,000 h.p.; and a small amount is also furnished by the Concord river, but about 26,000 h.p. is supplied by See also:steam. In factory output ($46,879,212 in 1905; $41,202,984 in 1900) Lowell ranked fifth in value in 1905 and See also:fourth in woo among the cities of Massachusetts; more than three-tenths of the See also:total See also:population are factory wage-earners, and nearly 19% of the population are in the cotton See also:mills. Formerly Lowell was called the " Spindle City " and the " See also:Manchester of See also:America," but it was long ago surpassed in the manufacture of textiles by Fall River and New See also:Bedford: in 1905 the value of the cotton product of Lowell, $19,340,625, was less than 6o% of the value of cotton goods made at Fall River. Woollen goods made in Lowell in 1905 were valued at $2,579,363; See also:hosiery and knitted goods, at $3,816,964; worsted goods, at $1,978,552. Carpets and textile machinery are allied manufactures of importance. There are other factories for machinery, patent medicines, boots and shoes,
See also:perfumery and cosmetics, hosiery and See also:rubber heels. Lowell was the See also:home of the inventor of rubber heels, See also:Humphrey O'See also:Sullivan. The founders of Lowell were See also:Patrick See also:Tracy See also:Jackson (178o—1847), Nathan See also:Appleton (1779—1861), See also:Paul See also:Moody (1779—1831) and the business manager chosen by them, See also:Kirk Boott (1790—1837). The opportunity for developing See also:water-power by the See also:purchase of the See also:canal around Pawtucket Falls (chartered for See also:navigation in 1792) led them to choose the adjacent See also:village of See also:East See also:Chelmsford as the site of their projected cotton mills; they bought the Pawtucket canal, and incorporated in 1822 the Merrimack Manufacturing See also:Company; in 1823 the first See also:cloth was actually made, and in 1826 a See also:separate township was formed from part of Chelmsford and was named in See also:honour of See also:Francis See also:Cabot Lowell, who with Jackson had improved See also:Cartwright's power See also:loom, and had planned the mills at See also:Waltham. In 1836 Lowell was chartered as a city. Lowell annexed parts of Tewksbury in 1834, 1874, 1888 and 1906, and parts of Dracut in 1851, 1874 and 1879. Up to 184o the See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
mill hands, with the exception of English dyers and See also:calico printers, were New See also:England girls. The " See also:corporation," as the employers were called, provided from the first for the welfare of their employees, and Lowell has always been notably See also:free from labour disturbances.
The See also:character of the See also:early employees of the mills, later largely displaced by French Canadians and Irish, and by immigrants from various parts of See also:Europe, is clearly seen in the periodical, The Lowell Offering, written and published by them in 1840-1845. This monthly See also:magazine,organized by the Rev. See also:Abel See also:Charles See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas (1807-188o), pastor of the First Universalist See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, was from See also:October 184o to See also:March 1841 made up of articles prepared for some of the many improvement circles or See also:literary See also:societies; it then became broader in its See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope, received more spontaneous contributions, and from October 1842 until See also:December 1845 was edited by See also:Harriot F. See also:Curtis (1813—1889), known by her See also:pen name, " See also:Mina See also:Myrtle," and by Harriet Farley (1817—1907), who became manager and proprietor, and published selections from the Offering under the titles Shells from the Strand of the See also:Sea of See also:Genius (1847) and Mind among the Spindles (1849), with an introduction by Charles See also:Knight. In 1854 she married See also:John See also:Intaglio Donlevy (d. 1872). Famous contributors to the Offering were Harriet See also:Hanson (b. 1825) and See also:Lucy Larcom (1824-1893). Harriet Hanson wrote Early Factory Labor in New England (1883) and Loom and Spindle (1898), an important contribution to the See also:industrial and social See also:history of Lowell. She was prominent in the See also:anti-See also:slavery and woman See also:suffrage agitations in Massachusetts, and wrote Massachusetts in the Woman Suffrage See also:Movement (1881). She married in 1848 See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Stevens See also:- ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
- ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
- ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
- ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
- ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
- ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
- ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)
Robinson (1818-1876), who wrote in 1856—1876 the See also:political essays signed " See also:Warrington " for the See also:Springfield Republican. Lucy Larcom,' born in See also:Beverly, came to Lowell in 1835, where her widowed See also:mother kept a " corporation " boarding-See also:house, and where she became a " doffer," changing bobbins in the mills. She wrote much, especially for the Offering; became an ardent abolitionist and (in 1843) the friend of Whittler; See also:left Lowell in 1846, and taught for several years, first in See also:Illinois, and then in Beverly and See also:Norton, Massachusetts. An See also:Idyl of See also:Work (1875) describes the See also:life of the mills and A New England Girlhood (1889) is autobiographical; she wrote many stories and poems, of which Hannah Binding Shoes is best known.
See also:Benjamin F. See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler was from boyhood a See also:resident of Lowell, where he began to practise See also:law in 1841. See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James McNeill See also:Whistler was born here in 1834, and in 1907 his birthplace in Worthen Street was See also:purchased by the See also:Art Association to be used as its headquarters and as an art museum and See also:gallery; it was dedicated in 1908, and in the same See also:year a replica of See also:Rodin's statue of Whistler was bought for the city.
See S. A. See also:Drake, History of Middlesex County, 2, p. 53 et seq. (Boston, 188o) ; Illustrated History of Lowell, Massachusetts (Lowell, 1897) ; the books of Harriet H. Robinson and Lucy Larcom already named as bearing on the industrial conditions of the city between 1835 and 185o; and the famous description in the fourth See also:chapter of See also:Dickens's See also:American Notes.
End of Article: LOWELL
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