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rolling; originally some portions were swampy and others were marked by precipitous heights, but the swamps have been drained and filled and the heights rounded off, See also:

Jones's Falls, a small stream shut in between See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite walls several feet in height, crosses the N. boundary line a short distance W. of its middle, flows S. E. to the S.E. corner of the See also:

main business See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, and there meets the north-west See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Patapsco, in which lies the See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, defended at its entrance by the historic Fort McHenry, built at the S.E. extremity of See also:

LOCUST

Locust Point, an irregular See also:

peninsula extending S.E., on which are See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-See also:

ELEVATORS, LIFTS

elevators and a number of wharves, including those of the Baltimore & Ohio railway.

That part of the city which lies E. of Jones's Falls is known as See also:

East Baltimore, and is in turn nominally divided into Fells' Point to the S. and E., now a See also:

SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding and manufacturing quarter, and Old See also:

TOWN

Town to the N. and W. In the Old Town still remain a few specimens of eighteenth See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, including several old-fashioned See also:

POST

post-houses, which used to furnish entertainment for travellers starting for the Middle West by way of the old See also:

Cumberland Road beginning at Fort Cumber-See also:

LAND

land, and from Baltimore to Fort Cumberland by a much older See also:

TURNPIKE

turnpike. The more inviting portion of the See also:

MODERN

modern city lies on the western side of Jones's Falls, and the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal residential districts are in the northern See also:

HALF

half of the city. A little S. from the centre of the city, Baltimore See also:

Street, running E. and W., and See also:

Charles Street, running N. and S., intersect; from this point buildings on these two streets are numbered N., S., E. and W., while buildings on other streets are numbered N. and S. from Baltimore Street and E. and W. from Charles Street. Baltimore Street is the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief business thoroughfare; S. of it as well as a little to the N. is the wholesale, See also:

FINANCIAL

financial and See also:

SHIPPING

shipping See also:

DISTRICT

district; while West See also:

Lexington Street, a short distance to the N., and North See also:

Howard and North Eutaw Streets, between Fayette and See also:

Franklin Streets, have numerous See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department and other See also:

RETAIL

retail stores. In North See also:

Gay Street also, which runs N.E. through East Baltimore, there are many small but busy retail shops. North Charles Street, running through the district in which the more wealthy citizens live, is itself lined with many of the most substantial and imposing residences in the city. See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

Vernon See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place and Washington Place, intersecting near the centre of the city, Eutaw Place farther N.W., and Broadway running N. and S. through the middle of East Baltimore, are See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good examples of wide streets, having squares in the middle, adorned with lawns, See also:

flower-beds and fountains. The buildings of the principal business quarter have been erected since 1904, when a See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire which See also:

broke out on See also:

SUNDAY

Sunday the 7th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February destroyed all the old ones within an area of 150 acres. Within a See also:

YEAR

year after the fire, however, 225 places of business were again occupied and 170 more were See also:

BUILDING

building. A city See also:

ordinance prohibited the erection of any building more than 185 ft. in height, and prescribed a See also:

UNIFORM

uniform height for those in the same neighbourhood; a large portion of the new buildings are of either three or four storeys, but a few tall ones range from ten to sixteen. The principal materials of which they are built are See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone, granite, See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and bricks, and terra-See also:

cotta of various See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours.

The city See also:

hall, the post-See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and the See also:

court-See also:

house, See also:

STANDING

standing in a See also:

ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row, and each occupying a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

block along E. Fayette Street in almost the exact centre of the city, are three of Baltimore's most imposing buildings, and all of them narrowly escaped destruction by the See also:

GREAT

great fire. The city hall, completed in 1875, in the See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

style, consists of a centre structure of four storeys surmounted by an See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome 26o ft. high, and two connecting wings of three storeys surmounted by a mansard roof; the entire See also:

OUTER

outer facing is of See also:

white Maryland marble. The post-office, completed in 189o, is built of See also:

Maine granite. The court-house, completed in 1899, is of white marble, with mural paintings by La. Farge, E. H. See also:

BLASHFIELD, EDWIN HOWLAND (1848– )

Blashfield and C. Y. See also:

Turner. Two of the principal library buildings—the See also:

Peabody and the See also:

ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch Pratt— are faced with white marble. Among the churches may be mentioned the See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral, surmounted by a dome 125 ft. high—Baltimore being the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric, the highest in See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in the United States; the First Presbyterian See also:

church (decorated See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic), with a See also:

SPIRE

spire 250 ft. high; the See also:

Grace Episcopal church—Baltimore being the seat of a See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopal bishopric; the First Methodist Episcopal church; and the synagogues of the Baltimore See also:

HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation and the Oheb Shalom Congregation.

Other notable buildings are the See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-house, the Masonic See also:

Temple, the Maryland See also:

CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club-house, the Mount Royal station of the Baltimore & Ohio railway, and the buildings of the Johns See also:

Hopkins See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital. There are several good See also:

bridges across Jones's Falls. On an elevated site at the intersection of Washington Place—a continuation of N. Charles Street—with Mount Vernon Place stands a white marble See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

George Washington, the eldest of the monuments in his honour in the United States. The corner-See also:

stone was laid in 1815 and the monument was completed in 1829. The See also:

BASE

base is 50 ft. sq. and 24 ft. high; on this stands a Doric See also:

COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column, 25 ft. in See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter at the base and 130 ft. high, which is surmounted by a statue of Washington 16 ft. high. A winding stairway in the interior leads to a See also:

PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet at the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top. In the square by which the monument is surrounded are also statues of George Peabody by W. W. See also:

Story (a replica of the one in London), See also:

Roger See also:

Brooke See also:

TANEY, ROGER BROOKE (1777—1864)

Taney by W. H. Rinehart, and See also:

John Eager Howard by See also:

EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel See also:

FREMIET, EMMANUEL (1824- )

Fremiet; and See also:

BRONZE

bronze pieces representing See also:

Peace, See also:

War, Force and See also:

Order, and a figure of a See also:

lion by See also:

ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine L.

See also:

EDUCATION

Education.—Baltimore ranks high as an educational centre. Johns Hopkins University (q.v.) is a leading institution of the United States for See also:

GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate study. The Peabody Institute, founded in 1859 by George Peabody, who was for some years a See also:

RESIDENT

resident of Baltimore, is an important See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the promotion of See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, literature and the See also:

FINE

fine arts. Goucher See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College (Methodist, 1888) for See also:

WOMEN

women, is one of the best institutions of the See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in See also:

SOUTHERN

southern United States. The older of the two See also:

state normal See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, opened in 1867, is located here. See also:

Morgan College (Methodist), opened in 1876, offers the advantages of a The McDonogh See also:

FARM

farm school, about 12 M. N.W., with a farm of 835 acres, a See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-office, and See also:

carpenter and See also:

machine shops prepares poor boys to enter any college in the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country. The institution owes its origin to a See also:

BEQUEST (from 0. Eng. becwethan, to declare or express in words; cf. " quoth ")

bequest See also:

LEFT

left by John McDonogh. Among the professional schools are the university of Maryland and Baltimore University—each of which offers courses in See also:

law, See also:

MEDICINE

medicine and dentistry—the Baltimore Medical College, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Woman's Medical College, the Baltimore College of Dental See also:

Surgery, the Maryland College of See also:

PHARMACY

Pharmacy (since 19c4 part of the university of See also:

Mary-land), the Baltimore Law School, St See also:

Joseph's See also:

SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary and St Mary's Seminary, which, established by the Society of St Sulpice in 1791, is said to be the See also:

OLDEST

oldest Catholic theological seminary in the United States. The city also has a See also:

POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic Institute, as well as high schools for white and for coloured pupils. The principal See also:

LIBRARIES

libraries are those of Johns Hopkins University, Peabody Institute, Maryland See also:

HISTORICAL

Historical Society, and the See also:

Bar Association; and the Enoch See also:

PRATT, ORSON (1811–1881)

Pratt, the New See also:

MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

Mercantile, and Maryland Diocesan (Protestant Episcopal). The charitable institutions of Baltimore are numerous.

Several such institutions supported wholly or in part by the state of Maryland (q.v.) are located here, and besides these there are scores of others. A representative See also:

list includes:—the Charity Organization Society, the See also:

PRIMARY

primary See also:

OBJECT

object of which is to organize the See also:

WORK

work of the others; the Baltimore Association for the Improvement of the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

Condition of the Poor, which seeks to discourage indiscriminate See also:

ALMS

alms-giving; the Bay View See also:

asylum or city poorhouse; the See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

Children's Aid Society; the See also:

Thomas See also:

Wilson See also:

FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

Fuel-Saving Society, for furnishing See also:

COAL

coal at See also:

low rates; the Woman's See also:

INDUSTRIAL

Industrial See also:

EXCHANGE

Exchange, for assisting women in need to support themselves; Johns Hopkins hospital, noted for the excellence of its equipment especially for See also:

HEATING

heating and ventilating; See also:

SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Joseph's See also:

general hospital; hospital for the women of Maryland of Baltimore city; nursery and See also:

child's hospital; Baltimore See also:

eye, See also:

EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear and See also:

THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat charity hospital; Maryland hospital for the insane; the See also:

SHEPPARD, JOHN [JACK] (1702-1724)

Sheppard asylum, intended especially for the cure of the insane; the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt hospital; the Baltimore See also:

ORPHAN

orphan asylum; Saint See also:

Vincent's See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant asylum; the Thomas Wilson See also:

SANATORIUM (a modern Latinism, formed from sanare, to cure, restore to health, sanus, whole, healthy, well; often wrongly spelled sanatarium or sanitarium)

sanatorium for children, intended for children under three years of See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, who are suffering from disease, during the warm summer months; the See also:

FREE

Free Summer Excursion Society, for affording a See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

air to the indigent sick; See also:

home for the incurables; homes for the aged; homes for friendless children; institutions for the See also:

BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind; and institutions for the See also:

DEAF

deaf and dumb. Water for the city taken from Jones's Falls and See also:

GUNPOWDER

Gunpowder river a few See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles N. of the city limits, is brought through tunnels, and is stored in eight reservoirs having an aggregate capacity of 2275 million gallons. The whole system is owned by the See also:

MUNICIPALITY

municipality and can furnish about 300 million gallons daily. After the fire $1o,000,000 was appropriated for a new sewage system (begun 1906). In 1900 the Maryland legislature empowered the city to See also:

BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)

borrow $1,350,000 to establish a municipal See also:

LIGHTING

lighting plant, but in 1909 private concerns still supplied the streets with See also:

LIGHT

light. See also:

Commerce.—The harbour, which consists of three parts, is excellent. Its entrance at Fort McHenry is a channel 600 ft. wide, with a minimum draft (1907) of 31 ft. of water. The See also:

DEPTH

depth is continued with an increased width for a mile and a quarter to near Fells' Point, where the width is contracted to one-See also:

FOURTH

fourth of a mile with a depth of 16 ft. Above this entrance it widens into an See also:

ELLIPSE (adapted from Gr. EXkei 'tc, a deficiency, iXXeirely, to fall behind)

ellipse a mile long, half a mile broad and 15 ft. deep. The third or inner harbour has a depth of 14 ft. and penetrates far into the city. Vessels of the largest class can See also:

lie at the Locust Point wharves and See also:

Canton, and vessels of 4000 tons can use the inner harbour W. of the mouth of Jones's Falls.

By 1905 $5,000,000 had been appropriated since the great fire for new docks. In 1908 the city ranked fourth among the Atlantic ports of the United States in the amount of its exports ($82,113,496), and fourth in the amount of its imports ($23,722,045). Ir That Baltimore has grown rapidly as a manufacturing city since r88o is seen from the fact that in that year there were but 3683 manufacturing establishments, with a total See also:

ANNUAL

annual product valued at $78,417,304, as compared with 6359 establishments (of which 2274 were See also:

TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder the factory system) in 1900 producing commodities valued at $161,249,240 ($135,107,626 under the factory system); in 1905 there were 2163 establishments under the factory system with a total annual product valued at $151,546,580, an increase of 12.2 % in the five years. The city ranked eighth among the manufacturing centres of the United States, as regards the value of products, in the three successive censuses of 188o, 1890 and 1900. In 1905 it was ninth. Baltimore is noted particularly as the most important centre in the United States of the See also:

canning and preserving See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry. The output in 1905 ($5,981,541) of the city's establishments for the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables was 7.7 % of that of the whole United States; in 1900 it had been 15 °Jo of the country's total. What seems to have been the first See also:

OYSTER

oyster-canning See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment in See also:

AMERICA

America was built in Baltimore (by a Thomas See also:

KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK (1818–1872)

Kensett) in 182o, and oyster-canning as a distinct industry on a permanent footing was begun here in 185o. The See also:

TERM

term "See also:

COVE

cove oysters," now applied to canned oysters every-where, was originally applied to the oysters found in the coves on the W. side of the Chesapeake Bay, above the mouth of the See also:

POTOMAC

Potomac. Up to 1900, after which year oyster canneries began to be built in the southern states, especially in See also:

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, Baltimore was the centre of the oyster-canning industry. Baltimore is also a well-known centre for the manufacture of clothing, in which in 1905 ($22,684,656) it ranked fourth among the cities of the United States; for See also:

CIGAR

cigar and cigarette-making (1905, $4,360,366); for the manufacture of foundry and machine See also:

SHOP

shop products (1905, $6,572,925), of tinware (1905, $5,705,980), of shirts (1905, $5,710,783), of See also:

cotton-See also:

DUCK

duck (the output of See also:

SAIL

sail-duck being about three-fourths of the total for the United States), bricks (about 150,000,000 annually), and fertilizers; it also manufactures See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture,See also:

MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors,and See also:

CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery, and many other commodities in smaller amounts. The markets, especially the Lexington See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, are noted for the abundance and great variety of their produce.

The proximity of coal-mines, the abundance and variety of See also:

food supplies furnished by the state, the great quantity and variety of the city's manufactured goods, the excellent shipping facilities, and the consequent low cost of living, are prominent features of the See also:

PHYSICAL

physical See also:

LIFE

life of the city. See also:

Government.—Although the See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter under which Baltimore is governed came into effect as See also:

LATE

late as 1898, it is only the second one for the city, the first one having been in force for rot years. The See also:

mayor is now elected for a term of four years; he must be at least twenty-five years of age and must have See also:

PROPERTY

property in the city valued at $2000 or more, on which he shall have paid taxes for two years preceding his See also:

election. Great responsibility is centred upon him by giving him See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to appoint the heads of departments and sub-departments, subject to the approval of the second branch of the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and permitting him to remove at See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure for six months after an See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment; in appointing a See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board or See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, however, he is required to choose the members from more than one See also:

POLITICAL

political party. He has five days in which to See also:

VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto an ordinance, and an affirmative See also:

VOTE

vote of three-fourths of the members of each branch of the council is required to pass an ordinance over his veto. The council, constituting the legislative department, consists of two branches. The first branch is composed of one member from each See also:

ward, elected for a term of four years; the second branch of two members from each of four districts, and a See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president elected by the city at large, all for a term of four years; a property qualification is prescribed for members of each branch. All municipal See also:

OFFICERS

officers are elected in May in order to separate municipal' from state and See also:

NATIONAL

national elections. No street See also:

FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise can be granted for a longer term than twenty-five years, and the right to regulate the exercise of each and every franchise is reserved to the mayor and council. A board of estimate, composed of the mayor, the city See also:

SOLICITOR

solicitor, the See also:

COMPTROLLER

comptroller, the president of the second branch of the city council, and the president of the board ofpublic improvements, has See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over appropriations, the council having power to decrease the amount of any See also:

ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item but not to enlarge it. To create a See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt for any purpose other than to meet a temporary deficiency, the mayor and council must first obtain the consent of both the state legislature and the city electorate. The department of education is intrusted to an unsalaried board of nine commissioners, appointed by the mayor with the approval of the second branch of the council for a term of six years, three retiring every two years.

This board appoints a See also:

SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent, six or more assistant superintendents, and the teachers of the high schools and the Polytechnic Institute, also the other teachers, but only according to the superintendent's recommendation on the basis of merit. See also:

HISTORY

History.—Baltimore was named in honour of the Lords Baltimore, the founders of the See also:

province of Maryland, but no See also:

settlement was made here until nearly Too years after the planting of the See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony; meanwhile at least two other town-sites, on which it was' hoped permanent towns might be estabi lished, had received the same name, but nothing came of either. Finally, however, while the provincial legislature was still engaged in the practice of directing places to be laid out for towns, where, as events proved there was nothing to give these towns more than a See also:

mere See also:

paper existence, that See also:

BODY

body in 1729 directed seven commissioners to See also:

PURCHASE

purchase 6o acres of land on the N. side of the Patapsco and See also:

lay it out in sixty equal lots as the town of Baltimore. Three years later, at the instance of the same body, Jones-Town (Old Town) was laid out on the opposite side of Jones's Falls, and in 1745 these two towns were consolidated. About the same See also:

time the resources of the interior, for which Baltimore was to become a See also:

trade centre, were being rapidly See also:

DEVELOPED

developed by the Germans. See also:

Prior to 1752, in which year there were only twenty-five houses with two See also:

HUNDRED

hundred inhabitants, the growth of the city had indeed been slow; but only a year or two later See also:

wheat loaded in its harbour was for the first time shipped to See also:

Scotland; during the war between the French and the See also:

ENGLISH

English at this time some of the unfortunate Acadians found new homes here; in 1767 Baltimore was made the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county seat; by the beginning of the War of See also:

Independence its population had grown to 6755; and in 178o it was made a See also:

PORT

port of entry. The city See also:

early became an important shipping centre; during both the War of Independence and the War of 1812 many privateers were sent out from it, and in the See also:

INTERVAL

interval between these See also:

WARS

wars, the See also:

SHIP

ship-owners of Baltimore had their See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

WORLD

world's carrying trade, the " Baltimore clippers becoming famous. In 1797 Baltimore received its first charter, having been governed until then from Annapolis and through commissions with very limited See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers; at the same time the Fells' Point settlement, founded about 1730 by William Fells, a ship carpenter, was annexed. During the War of Independence, the See also:

CONTINENTAL

Continental See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, frightened from Philadelphia in 1776, sat for several See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in a hall in W. Baltimore Street near See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty Street; during the same war also fortifications were first erected on the site of the See also:

PRESENT

present Fort M`Henry. This fort effectively protected the city in 1814 when attacked by the See also:

BRITISH

British, and it was during the attack that See also:

Francis See also:

Scott See also:

Key, detained on one of the British attacking vessels, composed the " See also:

STAR

Star Spangled Banner." In 186o all three of the candidates opposed to Lincoln—Douglas, See also:

BRECKINRIDGE, JOHN CABELL (1821-1875)

Breckinridge and Bell—were nominated here, and here in 1864 President See also:

Lincoln was nominated for a second term. The city has been the See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of other important conventions, and is sometimes called "The See also:

Convention City." At the outbreak of the See also:

CIVIL

Civil War on the 19th of See also:

APRIL

April 186r, the See also:

SIXTH

Sixth See also:

MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts See also:

REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, while passing through Baltimore, was attacked by a See also:

mob and several men were killed on both sides; in the following See also:

month the city was subjected to military See also:

RULE

rule and so continued until the See also:

close of the war.

From 1856 to 186o Baltimore was under the control of the American or Know-Nothing party, and suffered greatly from election riots and other disorders, until as a remedy the control of the See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police system was taken from the mayor and council and exercised by the state government. Soon after the Civil War a Democratic " machine " got See also:

FIRM

firm control of the city, and although a struggle to overthrow the machine was begun in See also:

EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest in 1875 by a See also:

COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the reform See also:

clement of the Democratic party with the Republican party, it was not till 1895 that the coalition won its first decisive victory at the polls. Even then the efforts of the Republican mayor were at first thwarted by the council, which passed an ordinance over his veto, taking from him the power of appointment and vesting it in themselves; the Maryland court of appeals, however, soon decided that the council had exceeded its powers, and an important outcome of the reform See also:

MOVEMENT

movement was the new charter of 1898. Annexations of suburban territory in 1888 and 1890 greatly increased the area of the city. AuruoRIT1Es.—J. H. Hollander, See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to the City of Baltimore (Baltimore, 1893) ; T. P. Thomas, " The City Government of Baltimore " (in Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Baltimore, 1896) ; St G. L. Sioussat, "Baltimore, the Monumental City " (in L. P.

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