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See also:CLUB (connected with " See also:clump ") ,(z) a thick stick, used as a weapon, or heavy See also:implement for athletic exercises (" See also:Indian club," &c.); (2) one of the four suits of playing-See also:cards,—the See also:translation of the See also:Spanish basto—represented by a See also:black See also:trefoil(taken from the See also:French, in which See also:language it is trefle); (3) a See also:term given to a particular See also:form of association of persons. It is to this third sense that this See also:article is devoted. By the term " club," the most See also:general 'word for which is in Gr. eracpia, in See also:Lat. sodalitas, is here meant an association within the See also:state of persons not See also:united together by any natural ties of kinship, real or supposed. See also:Modern clubs are dealt with below, and we begin with an See also:account of See also:Greek and See also:Roman clubs. Such clubs are found in all See also:ancient states of which we have any detailed knowledge, and seem to have dated in one form or another from a very See also:early See also:period. It is not unreasonable to suppose, in the absense of certain See also:information, that the rigid See also:system of See also:groups of See also:kin, i.e. See also:family, gens, phratria, &c., affording .no principle of association beyond the See also:maintenance of society as it then existed, may itself have suggested the formation of groups of a more elastic and expansive nature; in other words, that clubs were an expedient for the deliverance of society from a too rigid and conservative principle of See also:crystallization. Greek.—The most comprehensive statement we possess as to the various kinds of clubs which might exist in a single Greek state is contained in a See also:law of See also:Solon quoted incidentally in the See also:Digest of Justinian (47.22), which guaranteed the administrative See also:independence of these associations provided they kept within the See also:bounds of the law. Those mentioned (apart from demes and phratries, which were not clubs as here understood) are associations for religious purposes, for See also:burial, for See also:trade, for, privateering (bd. Xeiav), and for the enjoyment of See also:common meals. Of these by far the most important are the religious clubs, about which we have a See also:great See also:deal of information, chiefly from See also:inscriptions; and these may be taken as covering those for burial purposes and for common meals, for there can be no doubt that all such unions had originally a religious See also:object of some See also:kind. But we have to add to Solon's See also:list the See also:political Eracpiac which we meet with in Athenian See also:history, which do not seem to have always had a religious object, whatever their origin may have been; and it may be convenient to clear the ground by considering these first. In the period between the See also:Persian and Peloponnesian See also:wars we hear of hetairies within the two political parties, oligarchic and democratic; See also:Themistocles is said (Plut. See also:Aristides, 2) to have belonged to one, See also:Pericles' supporters seem to have been thus organized (Plut. Per. 7 and 13), and See also:Cimon had a See also:hundred hetairoi devoted to him (Plut. Cim. 17). These associations were used, like the collegia sodalicia at Rorne (see below), for securing certain results at elections and in the law-courts (Thuc. viii. 54), and were not regarded as harmful or illegal. But the bitterness of party struggles in See also:Greece during the Peloponnesian See also:War changed them in many states into political engines dangerous to the constitution, and especially to democratic institutions; See also:Aristotle mentions (Politics, p. 1310 a) a See also:secret See also:oath taken by the members of oligarchic clubs, containing the promise, " I will be an enemy to the See also:people, and will devise all the harm I can against them." At See also:Athens in 413 B.C. the See also:conspiracy against the See also:democracy was engineered by means of these clubs, which existed not only there but in the other cities of the See also:empire (Thuc. viii. 48 and 54), and had now become secret conspiracies (ovvcoµooni.ac) of a wholly unconstitutional kind. On this subject see See also:Grote, Hist. of Greece, v. 36o; A. H. J. Greenidge, Handbook of Greek Constitutional History, 208 foll. Passing over the clubs for trade or See also:plunder mentioned in Solon's law, of which we have no detailed knowledge, we come to the religious associations. These were known by several names, especially thiasi, eranoi and orgeones, and it is not possible to distinguish these from each other in See also:historical times, though they may have had different origins. They had the common object of See also:sacrifice to a particular deity; the thiasi and orgeones seem to be connected more especially with See also:foreign deities whose See also:rites were of an orgiastic See also:character. The organization of these See also:societies is the subject of an excellent See also:treatise by See also:Paul Foucart (See also:Les Associations religieuses chez les Grecs, See also:Paris, 1873), still indispensable, from which the following particulars are chiefly See also:drawn. For the greater See also:part of them the See also:evidence consists of inscriptions from various parts of Greece, many of which were published for the first See also:time by Foucart, and will be found at the end of his See also:book. The first striking point is that the object of all these associations is to maintain the See also:worship of some foreign deity, i.e. of some deity who was not one of those admitted and guaranteed by the state—the divine inhabitants of the See also:city, as they may be called. For all these the state made See also:provision of priests, temples, sacrifices, &c.; but for all others these necessaries had to be looked after by private individuals associated for the purpose. The state, as we see from the law of Solon quoted above, made no difficulty about the introduction of foreign worships, provided they did not infringe the law and were not morally unwholesome, and regarded these associations as having all the rights of legal corporations. So we find the cult of deities such as See also:Sabazius, Mater Magna (see GREAT See also:MOTHER OF THE GODS) and See also:Attis, See also:Adonis, See also:Isis, See also:Serapis, Men Tyrannos, carried on in Greek states, and especially in seaports like the See also:Peiraeus, See also:Rhodes, See also:Smyrna, without protest, but almost certainly without moral benefit to the worshippers. The famous passage in See also:Demosthenes (de See also:Corona, See also:sect. 259 See also:foil.) shows, however, that the See also:initiation at an early See also:age in the rites of Sabazius did not gain See also:credit for See also:Aeschines in the eyes of the best men. We are not surprised to find that, in accordance with the foreign character of the cults thus maintained, the members of the associations are rarely citizens by See also:birth, but See also:women, freedmen, foreigners and even slaves. Thus in an inscription found by See also:Sir C. See also:Newton at See also:Cnidus, which contains a mutilated list of members of a thiasos, one only out of twelve appears to be a Cnidian See also:citizen, four are slaves, seven are probably foreigners. Hence we may conclude that these associations were of importance, whether for See also:good or for evil, in organizing and encouraging the foreign See also:population in the cities of Greece. The next striking fact is that these associations were organized, as we shall also find them at See also:Rome, in See also:imitation of the constitution of the city itself. Each had its law, its See also:assembly, its magistrates or See also:officers (i.e. secretary, treasurer) as well as priests or priestesses, and its See also:finance. The law regulated the conditions of See also:admission, which involved an entrance See also:fee and an examination (SoKiµavia) as to character; the contributions, which had to be paid by the See also:month, and the steps to be taken to enforce See also:payment, e.g. exclusion in See also:case of persistent neglect of this See also:duty; the use to be made of the revenues, such as the See also:building or maintenance of See also:temple or club-See also:house, and the cost of crowns or other honours voted by the assembly to its officers. This assembly, in accordance with the law, elected its officers once a See also:year, and these, like those of the state itself, took an oath on entering See also:office, and gave an account of their stewardship at the end of the year. Further details on these points of See also:internal See also:government will be found in Foucart's See also:work (pp. 20 foil.), chiefly derived from inscriptions of the orgeones engaged in the cult of the Mother of the Gods at the Peiraeus. The important question whether these religious associations were in any sense benefit clubs, or relieved the sick and needy, is answered by him emphatically in the negative. As might naturally be supposed, the religious clubs increased rather than diminished in number and importance in the later periods of Greek history, and a large proportion of the inscriptions See also:relating to them belong to the Macedonian and Roman empires. One of the most interesting, found in 1868, belongs to the 2nd See also:century A.D., viz. that which reveals the worship of Men Tyrannos at See also:Laurium (Foucart, pp. 119 foil.). This Phrygian deity was introduced into See also:Attica by a Lycian slave, employed by a Roman in working the mines at Laurium. He founded the cult and the eranos which was to maintain it, and seems also to have drawn up the law regulating its See also:ritual and government. This may help us to understand the way in which similar associations of an earlier age were instituted. Roman.—At Rome the principle of private association was recognized very early by the state; sodalitates for religious purposes are mentioned in the XII. Tables (Gains in Digest, 47. 22. 4), and collegia opificum, or trade See also:gilds, were believedto have been instituted by Numa, which probably means that they were regulated by the See also:jus divinum as being associated with particular worships. It is difficult to distinguish between the two words collegium and sodalitas; but collegium is the wider of the two in meaning, and may be used for associations of all kinds, public and private, while sodalitas is more especially a See also:union for the purpose of maintaining a cult. Both words indicate the permanence of the object undertaken by the association, while a societal is a temporary See also:combination without strictly permanent duties. With the societates publicanorum and other contracting bodies of which See also:money-making was the See also:main object, we are not here concerned. The collegia opificum ascribed to Numa (Plut. Numa, 17) include gilds of weavers, fullers, dyers, shoemakers, doctors, teachers, painters, &c., as we learn from See also:Ovid, See also:Fasti, 819 foil., where they are described as associated with the cult of See also:Minerva, the deity of handiwork; See also:Plutarch also mentions See also:flute-players, who were connected with the cult of See also:Jupiter on the Capitol, and smiths, goldsmiths, tanners, &c. It would seem that, though these gilds may not have had a religious origin as some have thought, they were from the beginning, like all early institutions, associated with some cult; and in most cases this was the cult of Minerva. In her temple on the Aventine almost all these collegia had at once their religious centre and their business headquarters. When during the Second Punic War a gild of poets was instituted, this too had its See also:meeting-See also:place in the same temple. The object of the gild in each case was no doubt to protect and advance the interests of the trade, but on this point we have no sufficient evidence, and can only follow the See also:analogy of similar institutions in other countries and ages. We lose sight of them almost entirely until the age of See also:Cicero, when they reappear in the form of political clubs (collegia sodaiicia or compitalicia) chiefly with the object of securing the See also:election of candidates for magistracies by See also:fair or foul means—usually the latter (see esp. Cie. See also:pro Plancio, passim). These were suppressed by a senatusconsultum in 64 B.C., revived by See also:Clodius six years later, and finally abolished by See also:Julius See also:Caesar, as dangerous to public See also:order. Probably the old trade gilds had been swamped in the vast and growing population of the city, and these, inferior and degraded both in personnel and See also:objects, had taken their place. But the principle of the trade gild reasserts itself under the Empire, and is found at work in Rome and in every municipal See also:town, attested abundantly by the evidence of inscriptions. Though the right of permitting such associations belonged to the government alone, these trade gilds were recognized by the state as being instituted " ut necessariam operam publicis utilitatibus exhiberent " (Digest, 5o. 6. 6). Every kind of trade and business throughout the Empire seems to have had its collegium, as is shown by the inscriptions in the Corpus from any Roman municipal town; and the See also:life and work of the See also:lower orders of the municipales are shadowed forth in these interesting survivals. The See also:primary object was no doubt still to protect the trade; but as time went on they tended to become associations for feasting and enjoyment, and more and more to depend on the munificence of patrons elected with the object of eliciting it. See also:Fuller information about them will be found in G. See also:Boissier, La See also:Religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonin, ii. 286 foil., and S. See also:Dill, Roman Society from See also:Nero to See also:Marcus Aurelius, pp. 264 foil. How far they formed a basis or example for the gilds of the early See also:middle ages is a difficult question which cannot be answered here (see GILDS); it is, however, probable that they gradually lost their See also:original business character, and became more and more associations for procuring the individual, lost as he was in the vast See also:desert of the empire, some little society and enjoyment in life, and the certainty of funeral rites and a permanent memorial after See also:death. We may now return to the associations formed for the maintenance of cults, which were usually called sodalitates, though the word collegium was also used for them, as in the case of the See also:college of the Arval See also:Brothers (q.v.). Of the ancient Sodales Titii nothing is known until they were revived by See also:Augustus; but it seems probable that when a gens or family charged with
the maintenance of a particular cult had died out, its place was supplied by a sodalitas (See also:Marquardt, Staatsverwallung, iii. 134). The introduction of new cults also led to the institution of new associations; thus in 495 B.C. when the worship of Minerva was introduced, a collegium mercatorum was founded to maintain it, which held its feast on the See also:dies natalis (See also:dedication See also:day) of the temple (Liv. ii. 27. 5); and in 387 the ludi Capitolini were placed under the care of a similar association of dwellers on the Capitoline See also: 93), and sodalitates were instituted for the cult of the deified emperors Augustus, See also:Claudius, &c. We thus arrive by a second channel at the collegia of the empire. Both the history of the trade gilds and that of the religious collegia or sodalitates conduct us by a course of natural development to that extraordinary system of private association with which the empire was honeycombed. As has been already said of the trade gilds, the main objects of association seem to have been to make life more enjoyable and to secure a permanent burial-place; and of these the latter was probably the primary or original one. It was a natural See also:instinct in the classical as in the pre-classical See also:world to wish to See also:rest securely after death, to See also:escape neglect and oblivion. This is not the place to explain the difficulties which the poorer classes in the Roman empire had to See also:face in satisfying this instinct; but since the publication of the Corpus Inscriptionum has made us See also:familiar with the conditions of the life of these classes, there can be no doubt that this was always a leading See also:motive in their See also:passion for association. In the year A.D. 133 under See also:Hadrian this instinct was recognized by law, i.e. by a senatusconsultum which has fortunately come down to us. It was engraved at the See also:head of their own regulations by a collegium instituted for the worship of See also:Diana and See also:Antinous at See also:Lanuvium, and runs thus: "Qui stipem menstruam conferre volent in funera, in id collegium coeant, neque sub specie ejus collegii nisi semel in mense coeant conferendi"causa unde defuncti sepeliantur " (C.I.L. xiv. 2112). From the Digest, 47. 22. 1, the See also:locus classicus on this subject, we learn that this was a general law allowing the See also:founding of funerary associations, provided that the law against illicit collegia were complied with, and it was natural that from that time onwards such collegia should See also:spring up in every direction. The inscription of Lanuvium, together with many others (for which see the See also:works of Boissier and Dill already cited), has given us a clear See also:idea of the constitution of these colleges. Their members were as a See also:rule of the humblest classes of society, and often included slaves; from each was due an entrance fee and a monthly subscription, and a funeral See also: As the Roman empire became gradually impoverished and depopulated, and as the difficulty of defending its frontiers increased, these associations must have been slowly extinguished, and the living and the dead citizen alike ceased to be the object of care and contribution. The sudden invasion of See also:Dacia by barbarians in A.D. 166 was followed by the extinction of one collegium which has left a See also:record of the fact, and probably by many others. The See also:master of the college of Jupiter Cernenius, with the two quaestors and seven witnesses, attest the fact that the college has ceased to exist. " The accounts have been See also:wound up, and no See also:balance is left in the See also:chest. For a See also:long time no member has attended on the days fixed for meetings, and no subscriptions have been paid " (Dill, op. cit. p. 285). The record of similar extinctions in the centuries that followed, were they extant, would show us how this interesting form of crystallization, in which the well-drilled people of the empire displayed an unusual spontaneity, gradually melted away and disappeared (see further GILDS and CHARITY AND CHARITIES). Besides the works already cited may be mentioned See also:Mommsen, 'de Collegiis et Sodaliciis (1843), which laid the See also:foundation of all subsequent study of the subject; Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, iii. 134 foil.; de Marchi, Il Culto privato di See also:Roma antica, ii. 75 foil.; Kornemann, s. v. " Collegium " in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie. (W. W. F.*)
Modern Clubs.--The word " club," in its modern sense of an association to promote good-fellowship and social intercourse, is not very old, only becoming common in See also:England at the time of The Taller and The Spectator (1709-1712). It is doubtful whether its use originated in its meaning of a See also:knot of people, or from the fact that the members " clubbed " together to pay the expenses of their meetings. The See also:oldest See also:English clubs were merely informal periodic gatherings of See also:friends for the purpose of dining or drinking together. See also: The clubs of the See also:late 17th and early 18th century type resembled their Tudor forerunners in being oftenest associations solely for conviviality or See also:literary coteries. But many were confessedly political, e.g. The See also:Rota, or Coffee Club (1659), a debating society for the spread of republican ideas, broken up at the Restoration, the Calves Head Club (c. 1693) and the See also:Green Ribbon Club (1675) (q.v.). The characteristics of all these clubs were: (1) no permanent See also:financial See also:bond between
the members, each See also:man's liability ending for the time being when he had paid his " See also:score " after the See also:meal; (2) no permanent club-house, though each clique tended to make some See also:special coffee-house or tavern their headquarters. These coffee-house clubs soon became hotbeds of political See also:scandal-mongering and intriguing, and in 1675 See also: Such are the many purely athletic, See also:sports and pastimes clubs, the See also:Jockey Club, the Alpine, See also:chess, yacht and motor clubs. Then there are literary clubs, musical and See also:art clubs, See also:publishing clubs; and the name of " club " has been annexed by a large See also:group of associations which fall between the club proper and See also:mere friendly societies, of a purely periodic and temporary nature, such as See also:slate, See also:goose and See also:Christmas clubs, which are not required to be registered under the Friendly Societies See also:Act.
Thus it is seen that the modern club has little in common with its prototypes in the 18th century. Of those which survive in London the following may be mentioned: White's, originally established in 1698 as White's See also:Chocolate House, became the headquarters of the Tory party, but is to-day no longer political. Brooks's (1764), originally the resort of the Whigs, is no longer strictly associated with Liberalism. Boodle's (1762) had a tradition of being the resort of See also:country gentlemen, and especially of masters of foxhounds. Arthur's (1765), originally an offshoot of White's, has always been purely social. The See also:Cocoa See also:Tree (1746) also survives as a social resort. Social clubs, without club-houses, are represented by the Literary Club (" The Club "), founded in 1764 by Sir See also:Joshua See also:Reynolds and Dr See also: Thus there is a See also:Press Club, a See also:Fly-Fishers' Club, a See also:Gun Club, an Authors', a Farmers', -a Lawyers' (the See also:Eldon) and a See also:Bath Club. Of the purely women's clubs the most important are the Alexandra (1884), the Empress (1897), See also:Lyceum (1904) and Ladies' Army & Navy (1904); while the See also:Albemarle and the See also:Sesame have a leading place among clubs for men and women. Of political clubs having no club-house, the best known are the See also:Cobden (See also:Free Trade, 1866); the Eighty (Liberal, 1880) and the United (Unionist, 1886). There are clubs in all important provincial towns, and at See also:Edinburgh the New Club (1787), and in See also:Dublin the See also:Kildare Street (1790), See also:rival those of London. The mode of election of members varies. In some clubs the committee alone have the See also:power of choosing new members. In others the election is by See also:ballot of the whole club, one black See also:ball in ten ordinarily excluding. In the Athenaeum, whilst the principle of election by ballot of the whole club obtains, the duty is also See also:cast upon the committee of annually selecting nine members who are to be " of distinguished eminence in science, literature or the arts, or for public services," and the rule makes stringent provision for the conduct of these elections. On the committee of the same club is likewise conferred power to elect without ballot princes of the See also:blood royal, See also:cabinet ministers, bishops, the See also:speaker of the House of See also:Commons, See also:judges, &c. The affairs of clubs are managed by committees constituted of the trustees, who are usually permanent members, and of ordinarily twenty-four other members, chosen by the club at large, one-third of whom go out of office annually. These committees have plenary See also:powers to deal with the affairs of the club committed to their See also:charge, assembling weekly to transact current business and See also:audit the accounts. Once a year a meeting of the whole club is held, before which a See also:report is laid, and any See also:action taken thereupon which may be necessary. (See J. Wertheimer, The Law relating to Clubs, 1903; and Sir E. See also:Carson on Club law, in vol. iii. of The See also:Laws of England, 1909.) Previous to 1902 clubs in England had not come within the purview of the licensing system. The Licensing Act of 1902, however, remedied that defect, and although it was passed principally to check the abuse of " clubs " being formed solely to sell intoxicating liquors free from the restrictions of the licensing acts, it applied to all clubs in England and See also:Wales, of whatever kind, from the humblest to the most exalted See also:Pall Mall club. The act required the See also:registration of every club which occupied any premises habitually used for the purposes of a club and in which intoxicating liquor was supplied to members or their guests. The secretary of every club was required to furnish to the clerk to the justices of the See also:petty sessional See also:division a return giving (a) the name and objects of the club; (b) the address of the club; (c) the name of the secretary; (d) the number of members; (e) the rules of the club relating to (i.) the election of members and the admission of temporary and honorary members and of guests; (ii.) the terms of subscription and entrance fee, if any; (iii.) the cessation of membership; (iv.) the See also:hours of opening and closing; and (v.) the mode of altering the rules. The same particulars must be furnished by a secretary before the opening of a new club. The act imposed heavy penalties for supplying and keeping liquor in an unregistered club. The act gave power to a court of See also:summary See also:jurisdiction to strike a club off the See also:register on complaint in writing by any See also:person on any of various grounds, e.g. if its members numbered less than twenty-five; if there was frequent See also:drunkenness on the premises; if persons were habitually admitted as members without See also:forty-eight hours' See also:interval between nomination and admission; if the See also:supply of liquor was not under the See also:control of the members or the committee, &c. The Licensing (See also:Scotland) Act 1903 made Scottish clubs liable to registration in a similar manner. In no other country did club-life attain such an early perfection as in England. The earliest clubs on the See also:European See also:continent were of a political nature. These in 1848 were repressed in See also:Austria and See also:Germany, and the modern clubs of See also:Berlin and See also:Vienna are mere replicas of their English prototypes. In See also:France, where the term cercle is most usual, the first was Le Club Politique (1782), and during the Revolution such associations proved important political forces (see See also:JACOBINS, FEUILLANTS, See also:CORDELIERS). Of the modern purely social clubs in Paris the most notable are The Jockey Club (1833) and the Cercle de la See also:Rue Royale. In the United States clubs were first established after the War of Independence. One of the first in date was the See also:Hoboken Turtle Club (1797), which still survives. Of the modern clubs in New See also:York the Union (1836) is the earliest, and other important ones are the Century (1847), Union See also:League (1863), University (1865) ,See also:Knickerbocker (1871) ,See also:Lotus (1870), Manhattan (1865) ,and See also:Metropolitan (1891). But club-life in See also:American cities has grown to enormous proportions; the number of excellent clubs is now See also:legion, and their hospitality has become proverbial. The chief clubs in each city are referred to in the topographical articles. Walter See also:Arnold, Life and Death of the See also:Sublime Society of Beefsteaks (1871) ; John Aubrey, Letters of Eminent Persons (2 vols.) ; C. See also:Marsh, Clubs of London, with Anecdotes of their Members, Sketches of Character and Conversation (2 vols., 1832) ; Notes and Queries, 3rd See also:series, vols. 1, 9, 1o; W. H. Pyne, See also:Wine and Walnuts (2 vols., 1823) ; See also:Admiral See also:Smyth, See also:Sketch of the Use and Progress of the Royal Society Club (186o); John See also:Timbs, Club Life of London, with Anecdotes of Clubs, Coffee-Houses and Taverns (2 vols., 1866), and History of Clubs and Club Life (1872); Th. See also: Fagan, The Reform Club (1887); F. G. See also:Waugh, Members of the Athenaeum Club (privately printed 1888). CLUB-See also:FOOT (talipes), the name given to deformities of the foot, some of which are congenital, others acquired—the latter being chiefly due to infantile See also:paralysis. Talipes equinus is that form in which the See also:heel does not See also:touch the ground, the See also:child resting on the toes. In talipes varus the foot is turned inwards and shortened, the inner edge of the foot is raised, and the child walks on the See also:outer edge. These two conditions are often combined, the heel being drawn up and the foot See also:twisted inward; the name given to the twofold deformity is talipes equino-varus. It is the most usual congenital form. In talipes calcaneus the toes are pointed upwards and the foot rests on the heel. This is always an acquired (paralytic) deformity. The treatment of congenital club-foot, which is almost in-variably varus or equino-varus, should be begun as soon as ever the abnormal See also:condition of the foot is recognized. The See also:nurse should be shown how to twist and coax the foot into the improved position, and should so hold it in her See also:hand many tittles a day. And thus by daily, or, one might almost say, hourly manipulations, much good may be accomplished without See also:distress to the See also:infant. If after See also:weeks or months of these See also:measures insufficient progress has been made, the subcutaneous division of a tendon or two, or of some tendons and ligaments may be necessary, the foot being subsequently fixed up in the improved position in See also:plaster of Paris. If these subcutaneous operations also prove disappointing, or if after their apparently successful employment the foot constantly relapses into the old position, a more See also:radical See also:procedure will be required. Of the many procedures which have been adopted there is, probably, none equal to that of free transverse incision introduced by the late Dr A. M. See also:Phelps of New York. By this " open method " the surgeon See also:sees exactly what structures are at See also:fault and in need of division—skin, fasciae tendons, ligaments; everything, in See also:short, which pre-vented the easy rectification of the deformity. After the operation, the foot is fixed, without any See also:strain, in an over-corrected position, between plaster of Paris splints. By the See also:adoption of this method the old See also:instrument of See also:torture known as " Scarpa'sshoe " has become obsolete, as have also some of those operations which effected improvement of the foot by the removal of portions of the bony See also:arch. Phelps's operation removes the deformity by increasing the length of the See also:concave border of the foot rather than by shortening the See also:convex See also:borders as in See also:cuneiform osteotomy; it is a levelling up, not a levelling down. Talipes valgus is very rare as a congenital defect, but is common enough as a result of infantile paralysis and as such is See also:apt to be combined with the calcanean variety. " See also:Flat-foot " is some-times spoken of as See also:spurious talipes valgus; it is due to the bony See also:arches of the foot being called upon to support a See also:weight beyond their power. The giving way of the arches may be due to weakness of the muscles, tendons or ligaments—probably of all three. It is often met with in feeble and flabby See also:children, and in nurses, waiters, policemen and others whose feet grow tired from much See also:standing. Exercises on tip-toe, especially with a skipping rope, See also:massage, rest and tonic treatment will give See also:relief, and shoes or boots may be supplied with the heel and See also:sole thickened along the inner borders so that the weight may be received along the strong outer border of the foot. When the flat-footed individual stands it should be upon the outer borders of his feet, or better still, when convenient, on tip-toe, as this posture strengthens those muscles of the See also:leg which run into the sole of the foot and hold up the bony arches. In certain extreme cases the surgeon wrenches the splay feet into an inverted position and fixes them in plaster of Paris, taking off the casing every day for the purpose of massage and exercises. Flat-foot is often associated with knock-See also:knee in children and See also:young adults who are the subject of See also:rickets. See also:Morton's Disease.—In some cases of flat-foot the life of the individual is made miserable by See also:neuralgia at the See also:root of the toes, which comes on after much standing or walking, the distress being so great that, almost regardless of propriety, he is compelled to take off his See also:boot. The condition is known as Morton's disease or metatarsalgia. The See also:pain is due to the nerves of the toes (which come from the sole of the foot) being pressed upon by the rounded ends of the long bones of the foot near the See also:web of the toes. It does not generally yield to palliative measures (though rest of the foot and a See also:change to broad-toed, easy boots may be helpful), and the only effectual remedy is resection of the head of one of the metatarsal bones, after which relief is complete and permanent. For paralytic club-foot, in which distressing corns have been See also:developed over the unnatural prominences upon which the sufferer has been accustomed to walk, the adoption of the most promising conservative measures are usually disappointing, and relief and happiness may be obtainable only after the performance of See also:Syme's amputation through the See also:ankle-See also:joint. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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