DEMOSTHENES , the See also:

• GREAT

He now became a professional writer of speeches or pleas (Xoyo'ypa4os) for the law courts, sometimes speaking himself. Biographers have delighted to relate how painfully Demosthenes made him-self a tolerable See also:

• SPEAKER

But its inner meaning, the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

Wherever the cry of the oppressed goes up from Greek against Greek, it was the See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

The old type of the eminent citizen, who was at once statesman and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

In 354 B.C. See also:

• EUBULUS

A forensic speech, composed for a public cause, opens the political career of Demosthenes with a protest against a See also:

• SIGNAL

Sparta, favoured by the depression of See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Athens can secure the permanence of her foreign possessions only in one way—by being strong enough to hold them. Thus, between 355 and 352, Demosthenes had laid down the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

The First Philippic of Demosthenes was spoken in 351 B.C. The Third Philippic—the latest of the extant political speeches— was spoken in 341 B.C. Between these he delivered eight political orations, of which seven are directly concerned with Philip. The whole series falls into two great divisions. The first See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

When it is See also:

• PRO

Of 2000 See also:

• INFANTRY

But the " inglorious and costly war " entailed an outlay of more than £12,000 on the See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

" Better now than later," is the thought of the First Olynthiac. The Second argues that Philip's strength is overrated. The Third—spoken in 348—carries us into the midst of action.' It deals with See also:

• PRACTICAL

Eubulus and his party, with that versatility which is the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

Philip was now at war with the See also:

• PEOPLE

Phalaecus surrendered. Phocis was crushed. Philip took its place in the Arnphictyonic Council, and was thus established as a Greek power in the very centre, at the sacred hearth, of Greece. The right of See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

Mistrust, he told the Peloponnesian cities, is the safeguard of free communities against tyrants. Philip lodged a formal complaint at Athens. Here, as elsewhere, the future master of Greece reminds us of See also:

• NAPOLEON

When the gravity of the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

Euboea and the Peloponnesus are his. His power stretches from the Adriatic to the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

He administered the festival-fund. During a dearth which visited Athens between 330 and 326 he was charged with the organization of public See also:

• RELIEF

IIe spoke fervently of the opportunity which offered itself to those who loved the freedom of Greece. All Asia would rise with Athens to throw off the hated yoke. Fiery patriots like See also:

• HYPEREIDES (c. 390-322 B.c.)

Demosthenes proposed that the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Then the voice of Demosthenes, calling Greece to arms, rang out like a See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

In Calauria there was an ancient See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

At last, as the emissary persisted in his bland persuasions, he looked up and said,—" Archias, you never moved me by your acting, and you will not move me now by your promises." Archias lost his See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

He had just passed the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

Sincerity and intensity are, indeed, to the modern reader, the most obvious characteristics of Demosthenes. His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

The old world felt, as we do, his moral and See also:

• MENTAL

Demosthenes has at command all the discursive brilliancy which fascinates a festal See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

Blass in Die attische Beredsamkeit (1887-1898), who regards thirty-three (or possibly thirty-five) of the speeches as genuine. I. DELIBERATIVE SPEECHES. GENUINE. Or. 14. On the Navy Boards . Or. 16. For the People of Megalopolis . Or. 4.

First Philippic Or. 15. For the Rhodians . Or. 1. First Olynthiac Or. 2. Second Olynthiac . Or. 3. Third Olynthiac . Or.

5. On the Peace Or. 6. Second Philippic . Or. 8. On the Affairs of the Chersonese Or. 9. Third Philippic . (a) Or. SPURIOUS. 7.

On Halonnesus (by See also:

• HEGESIPPUS
• HEGESIPPUS (fl. A.D. 150-180)

341 342 B.C. (m) Or. I I. Answer to Philip's See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

IN PUBLIC CAUSES. GENUINE. Or. 22. In (Kara) Androtionem • 355 B.C. Or. 20. Contra (7p6s) Leptinem . 354 Or. 24. In Timocratem . 352 Or.

23. In Aristocratem . . 352 Or. 21. In Midiam . • 349 Or. 19. On the Embassy . • 343 Or. 18. On the Crown .