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ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 603 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ARTEMISIA (159o-1642) , See also:Orazio's daughter, studied first under Guido, acquired much renown for portrait-See also:painting, and considerably excelled her See also:father's fame. She was a beautiful and elegant woman; her likeness, limned by her own See also:hand, is to be seen in See also:Hampton See also:Court. Her most celebrated See also:composition is " See also:Judith and Holofernes," in the Uffizi See also:Gallery; certainly a See also:work of singular See also:energy, and giving ample See also:proof of executive See also:faculty appreciation of the services which he rendered to See also:international See also:law. The See also:movement to do him See also:honour originated in 1875 in See also:England, as the result of the inaugural lecture of Prof. T. E. See also:Holland, and was warmly taken up in See also:Italy. In spreading through See also:Europe it encountered two curious See also:cross-currents of See also:opinion,—one the ultra-See also:Catholic, which three centuries before had ordered his name to be erased from all public documents and placed his See also:works in the See also:Index; another the narrowly-Dutch, which is, it seems, needlessly careful of the supremacy of See also:Grotius. These two currents resulted respectively in a bust of GarciaMoreno being placed in the Vatican, and in the unveiling in 1886, with much international See also:oratory, of a See also:fine statue of Grotius at See also:Delft. The See also:English See also:committee, under the honorary See also:presidency of See also:Prince See also:Leopold, in 1877 erected a See also:monument to the memory of See also:Gentili in St See also:Helen's See also:church, and saw to the publication of a new edition of the De Jure See also:Belli. The See also:Italian committee, of which Prince (after-wards See also:King) See also:Humbert was honorary See also:president, was less successful. It was only in 1908, the tercentenary of the See also:death of Alberico, that the statue of the See also:great heretic was at length unveiled in his native See also:city by the See also:minister of public instruction, in the presence of numerous deputations from Italian cities and See also:universities.

Preceding writers had dealt with various international questions, but they dealt with them singly, and with a servile submission to the decisions of the church. It was See also:

left to Gentili to grasp as a whole the relations of states one to another, to distinguish international questions from questions with which they are more or less intimately connected, and to See also:attempt their See also:solution by principles entirely See also:independent of the authority of See also:Rome. He uses the reasonings of the See also:civil and even the See also:canon law, but he proclaims as his real See also:guide the See also:Jus Naturae, the highest See also:common sense of mankind, by which See also:historical precedents are to be criticized and, if necessary, set aside. His faults are not few. His See also:style is prolix, obscure, and to the See also:modern reader pedantic enough; but a comparison of his greatest work with what had been written upon the same subject by, for instance, Belli, or See also:Soto, or even See also:Ayala, will show that he greatly improved upon his predecessors, not only by the fulness with which he has worked out points of detail, but also by clearly separating the law of See also:war from See also:martial law, and by placing the subject once for all upon a non-theological basis. If, on the other hand, the same work be compared with the De Jure Belli et Pacis of Grotius, it is at once evident that the later writer is indebted to the earlier, not only for a large portion of his illustrative erudition, but also for all that is commendable in the method and arrangement of the See also:treatise. but repulsive and unwomanly in its See also:physical horror. She accompanied her father to England, but did not remain there See also:long; the best picture which she produced for See also:Charles I. was " See also:David with the See also:head of See also:Goliath." Artemisia refused an offer of See also:marriage from See also:Agostino Tasi, and bestowed her hand on See also:Pier See also:Antonio Schiattesi, continuing, however, to use her own surname. She settled in See also:Naples, whither she returned after her English sojourn; she lived there in no little splendour, and there she died in 1642. She had a daughter and perhaps other See also:children.

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