Online Encyclopedia

Avienus. Of the Germanicus Scaliger says—" A better text than that which Grotius has given, it is impossible to give "; but it is probable that Scaliger had himself been the reviser. Grotius vied with the Latinists of his day in the See also:

composition of Latin verses. Some lines on the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

OSTEND (Flemish and French Ostende)

Ostend spread his fame beyond the circle of the learned. He wrote three dramas in Latin:—Christus patiens; Sophomphaneas, on the See also:

story of See also:

Joseph and his brethren; and Adamus exul, a See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production still remembered as having given hints to See also:

Milton. The Sophomphaneas was translated into Dutch by See also:

VONDEL, JOOST VAN DEN (1587—1679)

Vondel, and into See also:

ENGLISH

English by See also:

Francis See also:

Goldsmith (1652); the Christus patiens into English by See also:

George See also:

Sandys (164o). In 1603 the See also:

UNITED

United Provinces, desiring to transmit to posterity some See also:

account of their struggle with See also:

Spain, determined to appoint a historiographer. The choice of the states See also:

fell upon Grotius, though he was but twenty years of See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and had not offered himself for the See also:

POST

post.' There was some talk at this See also:

time in See also:

Paris of calling Grotius to be librarian of the royal library. But it was a ruse of the Jesuit party, who wished to persuade the public that the opposition to the See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

Casaubon did not proceed from theological motives, since they were ready to appoint a See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant in the See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Grotius. His next preferment was that of advocate-See also:

general of the fisc for the provinces of See also:

Holland and See also:

ZEELAND (or ZEALAND)

Zeeland. This was followed by his marriage, in 16o8, to See also:

MARIE

Marie Reigersberg, a See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of family in Zeeland, a woman of great capacity and noble disposition. Grotius had already passed from occupation with the See also:

CLASSICS

classics to studies more immediately connected with his profession.

In the See also:

winter of 1604 he composed (but did not publish) a See also:

TREATISE

treatise entitled De jure praedae. The MS. remained unknown till 1868, when it was brought to See also:

LIGHT

light, and printed at the See also:

HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague under the auspices of See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Fruin. It shows that the principles and the See also:

plan of the celebrated De See also:

PARE, AMBROISE (1510-1590)

Pare See also:

BELLI, GIUSEPPE GIOACHINO (1791-1863)

belli, which was not composed till 1625,more than twenty years after,had already been conceived by a youth of twenty-one. It has always been a question what it was that determined Grotius, when an See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in Paris in 1625, to that particular subject, and various explanations have been offered; among others a casual See also:

SUGGESTION

suggestion of Peiresc in a See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

early date. The See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of the MS. of the De jure praedae discloses the whole See also:

HISTORY

history of Grotius's ideas, and shows that from youth upwards he had steadily read and meditated in one direction, that, namely, of which the famous De jure belli was the mature product. In the De jure praedae of 1604 there is much more than the germ of the later treatise De jure belli. Its See also:

main principles, and the whole See also:

SYSTEM

system of thought implied in the later, are anticipated in the earlier work. The arrangement even is the same. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief difference between the two See also:

TREATISES

treatises is one which twenty years' experience in affairs could not but briny the substitution of more cautious and guarded language, less dogmatic See also:

AFFIRMATION (from Lat. affirmare, to assert)

affirmation, more See also:

ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance for exceptions and deviations. The See also:

Jus pacis was an addition introduced first in the later work, an insertion which is the cause of not a little of the confused arrangement which has been found See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault with in the De jure belli. The De jure praedae further demonstrates that Grotius was originally determined to this subject, not by any speculative intellectual See also:

INTEREST

interest, but by a special occasion presented by his professional engagements. He was retained by the Dutch See also:

East See also:

India See also:

COMPANY

Company as their advocate.

One of their captains, Heemskirk, had captured a See also:

rich Portuguese galleon in the Straits of Malacca. The right of a private company to make prizes was hotly contested in Holland, and denied by the stricter religionists, especially the See also:

MENNONITES

Mennonites, who considered all See also:

war unlawful. Grotius undertook to prove that Heemskirk's See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize had been lawfully captured. In doing this he was led to investigate the grounds of the lawfulness of war in general. Such was the casual origin of a See also:

BOOK

book which See also:

long enjoyed such celebrity that it used to be said, with some exaggeration indeed, that it had founded a new See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science. A See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short treatise which was printed in 1609, Grotius says without his permission, under the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

MARE

Mare liberum, is nothing more than a See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter—the 12th—of the De jure praedae. It was necessary to Grotius's See also:

defence of Heemskirk that he should show that the Portuguese pretence that Eastern See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters were their private See also:

PROPERTY

property was untenable. Grotius maintains that the ocean is See also:

FREE

free to all nations. The occasional See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of this piece explains the fact that at the time of its See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance it made no sensation. It was not till many years afterwards that the jealousies between See also:

England and Holland gave importance to the novel See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine broached in the See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract by Grotius, a doctrine which See also:

SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden set himself to refute in his Mare clausum (1632). Equally due to the circumstances of the time was his small contribution - to constitutional history entitled De antiquitate reipublicae Batavae (161o). In this he vindicates, on grounds of right, prescriptive and natural, the revolt of the United Provinces against the See also:

SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of Spain.

Grotius, when he was only See also:

THIRTY

thirty, was made pensionary of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam. In 1613 he formed one of a deputation to England, in an See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to adjust those See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences which gave rise afterwards to a See also:

NAVAL

naval struggle disastrous to Holland. He was received by See also:

James with every See also:

mark of distinction. He also cultivated the acquaintance of the See also:

ANGLICAN

Anglican ecclesiastics See also:

John Overall and L. See also:

ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626)

Andrewes, and was much in the society of the celebrated See also:

SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar Isaac Casaubon, with whom he had been in See also:

correspondence by letter for many years. Though the mediating views in the great religious conflict between See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and Protestant, by which Grotius was afterwards known, had been arrived at by him by See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent reflection, yet it could not but be that he would be confirmed in them by finding in England a See also:

DEVELOPED

developed school of thought of the same character already in existence. How highly Casaubon esteemed Grotius appears from a letter of his to See also:

Daniel See also:

Heinsius, dated See also:

LONDON

London, 13th of April 1613. " I cannot say how happy I esteem myself in having seen so much of one so truly great as Grotius. Awonderful See also:

man! This I knew him to be before I had seen him; but the rare excellence of that divine genius no one can sufficiently feel who does not see his See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, and hear him speak. Probity is stamped on his features; his conversation savours of true piety and profound learning. It is not only upon me that he has made this impression; all the pious and learned to whom he has been here introduced have See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the same towards him; the See also:

king especially so!" After Grotius's return from England the exasperation of theological parties in Holland See also:

rose to such a See also:

pitch that it became clear that an See also:

APPEAL

appeal to force would be made.

Grotius sought to find some mean See also:

TERM

term in which the two hostile parties of See also:

REMONSTRANTS

Remonstrants and See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-remonstrants, or as they were subsequently called Arminians and Gomarists (see REMONSTRANTS), might agree. A form of See also:

EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict See also:

DRAWN

drawn by Grotius was published by the states, recommending mutual See also:

TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration, and forbidding ministers in the See also:

PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit from handling the disputed dogmas. To the orthodox Calvinists the word toleration was insupportable. They had the populace on their See also:

side. This fact determined the See also:

STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

stadtholder, See also:

Maurice of Nassau, to support the orthodox party —a party to which he inclined the more readily that Olden Barneveldt, the grand pensionary, the man whose uprightness and abilities he most dreaded, sided with the Remonstrants. In 1618 See also:

Prince Maurice set out on a sort of pacific See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign, disbanding the civic See also:

GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards in the various cities of Guelders, Holland and Zeeland, and occupying the places with troops on whom he could rely. The states of Holland sent a See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, of which Grotius was chairman, to See also:

Utrecht, with the view of strengthening the hands of their friends, the Remonstrant party, in that city. Feeble plans were formed, but not carried into effect, for shutting the See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates upon the stadtholder, who entered the city with troops on the See also:

NIGHT

night of the 26th of See also:

JULY

July 1618. There were conferences in which Grotius met Prince Maurice, and taught him that Olden Barneveldt was not the only man of capacity in the ranks of the Remonstrants whom he had to fear. On the early See also:

MORNING

morning of the 31st of July the prince's coup d'etat against the liberties of Utrecht and of Holland was carried out; the civic guard was disarmed—Grotius and his colleagues saving themselves by a precipitate See also:

FLIGHT

flight. But it was only a See also:

REPRIEVE (reprise, from Fr. reprendre)

reprieve. The grand pensionary, Olden Barneveldt, the See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the Remonstrant party, Grotius and Hoogerbeets were arrested, brought to trial, and condemned—Olden Barneveldt to See also:

DEATH

death, and Grotius to imprisonment for See also:

LIFE

life and See also:

CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of his property.

In See also:

JUNE

June 1619 be was immured in the fortress of Louvestein near Gorcum. His confinement was rigorous, but after a time his wife obtained permission to See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share his captivity, on the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that if she came out, she should not be suffered to return. Grotius had now before him, at thirty-six, no prospect but that of a lifelong captivity. He did not abandon himself to despair, but sought See also:

REFUGE

refuge in returning to the classical pursuits of his youth. Several of his See also:

TRANSLATIONS

translations (into Latin) from the See also:

Greek tragedians and other writers, made at this time, have been printed. " The See also:

MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses," he writes to See also:

Voss, " were now his See also:

CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation, and appeared more amiable than ever." The ingenuity of Madame Grotius at length devised a mode of See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape. It had grown into a See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom to send the books which he had done with in a See also:

CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest along with his See also:

LINEN

linen to be washed at Gorcum. After a time the warders began to let the chest pass without opening it. Madame Grotius, perceiving this, prevailed on her See also:

HUSBAND

husband to allow himself to be shut up in it at the usual time. The two soldiers who carried the chest out complained that it was so heavy " there must be an Arminian in it." " There are indeed," said Madame Grotius, " Arminian books in it." The chest was carried to the See also:

house of a friend, where Grotius was released. He was then dressed like a See also:

mason with hod and See also:

TROWEL (Med. Eng. truel, O. Fr. truelle, Low Lat. truella, a variant of trulla, diminutive of trua, stirring spoon, ladle, Gr. ropbvrt, from the root tar, to turn round and round; cf. ropebs, borer)

trowel, and so conveyed over the frontier. His first place of refuge was See also:

Antwerp, from which he proceeded to Paris, where he arrived in April 1621.

In See also:

OCTOBER

October he was joined by his wife. There he was presented to the king, See also:

Louis XIII., and a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 3000 livres conferred upon him. French See also:

PENSIONS

pensions were easily granted, all the more so as they were never paid. Grotius was now reduced to great straits. He looked about for any opening through which he might See also:

EARN

earn a living. There was talk of some-thing in See also:

Denmark; or he would See also:

settle in See also:

SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires, and practise in the court there. Some little See also:

RELIEF

relief he got through the intervention of See also:

ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne d'Aligre, the See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, who procured a royal See also:

MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate which enabled Grotius to draw, not all, but a large See also:

PART

part of his pension. In 1623 the See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president See also:

HENRI

Henri de Meme See also:

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent him his See also:

CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Balagni near Senlis (dep. See also:

OISE

Oise), and there Grotius passed the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and summer of that year. De See also:

Thou gave him facilities to See also:

BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)

borrow books from the superb library formed by his father. In these circumstances the De jure belli et pacis was composed. That a work of such immense See also:

READING

reading, consisting in great part of See also:

QUOTATION

quotation, should have been written in little more than a year was a source of astonishment to his biographers.

The achievement would have been impossible, but for the fact that Grotius had with him the first draft of the work made in 1604. He had also got his See also:

BROTHER

brother See also:

William, when reading his classics, to mark down all the passages which touched upon law, public or private. In See also:

March 1625 the See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing of the De jure belli, which had taken four months, was completed, and the edition despatched to the See also:

FAIR

fair at See also:

FRANKFORT

Frankfort. His own honorarium as author consisted of 200 copies, of which, however, he had to give away many to friends, to the king, the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal courtiers, the papal See also:

NUNCIO

nuncio, &c. What remained he sold for his own profit at the See also:

price of a See also:

CROWN

crown each, but the See also:

sale did not recoup him his outlay. But though his book brought him no profit it brought him reputation, so widely spread, and of such long endurance, as no other legal treatise has ever enjoyed. Grotius hoped that his fame would soften the hostility of his foes, and that his country would recall him to her service. Theo-logical rancour, however, prevailed over all other sentiments, and, after fruitless attempts to re-establish himself in Holland, Grotius accepted service under See also:

Sweden, in the capacity of See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to France. He was not very successful in negotiating the treaty on behalf of the Protestant interest in See also:

Germany, See also:

Richelieu having a special dislike to him. He never enjoyed the confidence of the court to which he was accredited, and frittered away his See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in disputes about See also:

PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence. In 1645 he demanded and obtained his recall. He was honourably received at See also:

STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, but neither the See also:

CLIMATE

climate nor the See also:

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the court suited him, and he asked permission to leave.

He was driven by a See also:

storm on the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast near Dantzig. He got as far as See also:

ROSTOCK

Rostock, where he found himself very See also:

ill. Stockman, a Scottish physician who was sent for, thought it was only weakness, and that rest would restore the patient. But Grotius sank rapidly, and died on the 29th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1645. Grotius combined a wide circle of general knowledge with a profound study of one branch of law. History, See also:

THEOLOGY

theology, See also:

jurisprudence, politics, classics, See also:

POETRY

poetry,—all these See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields he cultivated. His commentaries on the Scriptures were the first application on an extensive See also:

scale of the principle affirmed by Scaliger, that, namely, of See also:

INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation by the rules of See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar without dogmatic assumptions. Grotius's philological skill, however, was not sufficient to enable him to work up to this ideal. As in many other points Grotius inevitably recalls See also:

ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus, so he does in his attitude towards the great See also:

SCHISM

schism. Grotius was, however, animated by an ardent See also:

DESIRE

desire for See also:

peace and See also:

con-See also:

CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord. He thought that a basis for reconciliation of Protestant and Catholic might be found in a See also:

COMMON

common piety, combined with reticence upon discrepancies of doctrinal statement. His De veritale religions Christianae (1627), a presentment of the evidences, is so written as to form a See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

code of common See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, irrespective of See also:

SECT

sect.

The little treatise became widely popular, gaining rather than losing popularity in the 18th century. It became the classical See also:

MANUAL

manual of See also:

APOLOGETICS

apologetics in Protestant colleges, and was translated for missionary purposes into Arabic (by See also:

POCOCKE, EDWARD (1604-1691)

Pococke, r66o), See also:

Persian, See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, &c. His Via et velum ad pacem ecclesiasticam (1642) was a detailed proposal of a See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation. Like all men of moderate and mediating views, he was charged by both sides with vacillation. An See also:

Amsterdam See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, James See also:

LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent, published his Grotius 623 papizans (1642), and it was continually being announced from Paris that Grotius had " gone over." See also:

Hallam, who has collected all the passages from Grotius's letters in which the prejudices and narrow tenets of the Reformed See also:

clergy are condemned, thought he had a " See also:

bias towards popery " (Lit. of Europe, ii. 312). The true interpretation of Grotius's mind appears to be an indifference to dogmatic propositions, produced by a profound sentiment of piety. He approached parties as a statesman approaches them, as facts which have to be dealt with, and governed, not sup-pressed in the interests of some one of their number. His See also:

EDITIONS

editions and translations of the classics were either juvenile exercises prescribed by Scaliger, or " lusus poetici," the amusement of vacant See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours. Grotius read the classics as a humanist, for the See also:

SAKE

sake of their contents, not as a professional scholar. His Annals of the Low Countries was begun as an See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty while he held the appointment of historiographer, and was being continued and retouched by him to the last. It was not published till 1657, by his sons See also:

Peter and See also:

Cornelius.

Grotius was a great jurist, and his De jure belli et pacis (Paris, 1625), though not the first attempt in See also:

MODERN

modern times to ascertain the principles of jurisprudence, went far more fundamentally into the discussion than any one had done before him. The title of the work was so far misleading that the jus belli was a very small part of his comprehensive scheme. In his treatment of this narrower question he had the See also:

WORKS

works of Alberico See also:

GENTILI, ALBERICO (1552—16o8)

Gentili and See also:

AYALA, DON PEDRO LOPEZ DE (1332–1407)

Ayala before him, and has acknowledged his obligations to them. But it is in the larger questions to which he opened the way that the merit of Grotius consists. His was the first attempt to obtain a principle of right, and a basis for society and See also:

government, outside the See also:

church or the See also:

Bible. The distinction between See also:

religion on the one See also:

hand and law and morality on the other is not indeed clearly conceived by Grotius, but he wrestles with it in such a way as to make it easy for those who followed him to seize it. The law of nature is unalterable; See also:

God Himself cannot alter it any more than He can alter a mathematical See also:

AXIOM (Gr. &iwµa)

axiom. This law has its source in the nature of man as a social being; it would be valid even were there no God, or if God did not interfere in the government of the See also:

WORLD

world. These positions, though Grotius's religious See also:

TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper did not allow him to rely unreservedly upon them, yet, even in the partial application they find in his book, entitle him to the See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of being held the founder of the modern science of the law of nature and nations. The De jure exerted little influence on the practice of belligerents, yet its publication was an See also:

EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the science. De Quincey has said that the book is equally divided between " empty truisms and time-serving Dutch falsehoods." For a saner See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment and a brief abstract of the contents of the De jure, consult J. K.

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