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NASSAU , a territory of See also:Germany, now forming the bulk of the See also:government See also:district of See also:Wiesbaden, in the Prussian See also:province of See also:Hesse-Nassau, but until 1866 an See also:independent and See also:sovereign duchy of Germany. It consists of a compact See also:mass of territory, 1830 sq. m. in See also:area, bounded on the S. and W. by the See also:Main and See also:Rhine, on the N. by See also:Westphalia and on the E. by Hesse. This territory is divided into two nearly equal parts by the See also:river See also:Lahn, which flows from See also:east to See also:west into the Rhine. The See also:southern See also:half is almost entirely occupied by the See also:Taunus Mountains, which attain a height of 2900 ft. in the See also:Great Feldberg, while to the See also:north of the Lahn is the barren Westerwald, culminating in the Salzburgerkopf (2000 ft.). The valleys and See also:low-lying districts, especially the Rheingau, are very fertile, producing abundance of See also:grain, See also:flax, See also:hemp and See also:fruit; but by far the most valuable product of the See also:soil is its See also:wine, which includes several of the choicest Rhenish varieties, such as Johannisberger, Marcobrunner and Assmannshauser. Nassau is one of the most thickly wooded regions in Germany, about 42% of its See also:surface being occupied by forests, which yield See also:good See also:timber and See also:harbour large quantities of See also:game. The See also:rivers abound in See also:fish, the See also:salmon See also:fisheries on the Rhine being especially important. There are upwards of a See also:hundred See also:mineral springs in the district, most of which formerly belonged to the See also:duke, and afforded him a considerable See also:part of his See also:revenue. The best known are those of Wiesbaden, See also:Ems, See also:Soden, See also:Schwalbach, See also:Schlangenbad, Geilnau and Fachingen. The other mineral See also:wealth of Nassau includes See also:iron, See also:lead, See also:copper, See also:building See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone, coals, See also:slate, a little See also:silver and a See also:bed of See also:malachite. Its manufactures, including See also:cotton and woollen goods, are unimportant, but a brisk See also:trade is carried on by See also:rail and river in wine, timber, grain and fruit. There are few places of importance besides the above-named spas; See also:Hochst is the only manufacturing See also:town. Wiesbaden, with 100,955 inhabitants, is the See also:capital of the government district as it was of the duchy. In 1864 the duchy contained 468,311 in-habitants, of whom 242,000 were Protestants, 215,000 See also:Roman Catholics and 7000 See also:Jews. The ecclesiastical See also:jurisdiction was in the hands of the See also:Protestant See also:bishop of Wiesbaden and the Roman See also:Catholic bishop of See also:Limburg. See also:Education was amply provided for in numerous higher and See also:lower See also:schools. The See also:annual revenue of the dukedom was about £400,000 and it furnished a contingent of 6000 men to the See also:army of the See also:German See also:Confederation.
See also:History.—During the Roman See also:period the district enclosed by the Rhine, the Main and the Lahn was occupied by the Mattiaci and later by the See also:Alamanni. The latter were subdued by the See also:Franks under See also:Clovis at the end of the 5th See also:century, and at the See also:partition of See also:Verdun in 843 the See also:country became part of the East Frankish or German See also:kingdom. See also:Christianity seems to have been introduced in the 4th century. The founder of the See also:house of Nassau is usually regarded as a certain Drutwin (d. ro76), who, with his See also:brother See also:Dudo, See also:count of Laurenburg, built a See also:castle on a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill overlooking the Lahn, near the See also:present town of Nassau. Drutwin's descendant Walram (d. 1198) took the See also:title of count of Nassau, and placed his lands under the immediate See also:suzerainty of the German See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king; previously he had been a See also:vassal of the See also:arch-bishop of See also:Trier. Then in 1255 Walram's grandsons, Walram and See also:Otto, divided between them their paternal See also:inheritance, which had been steadily increasing in See also:size. Walram took the part of Nassau lying on the See also:left See also:bank of the Lahn and made Wiesbaden his See also:residence; Otto took the part on the right bank of the river and his capital was See also:Siegen. The See also:brothers thus founded the two branches of the house of Nassau, which have flourished to the present See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time.
The fortunes of the Ottonian, or younger See also:line, belong mainly to the history of the See also:Netherlands. The See also:family was soon divided into several branches, and in the 15th century one of its members,
Count Engelbert I. (d. 1442), obtained through See also:marriage lands in See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland. Of his two sons one took the Dutch, and the other the German possessions of the house, but these were See also:united again in 1504 under the sway of See also:John, count of Nassau-Dillenburg, the See also:head of a See also:branch of the family which, in consequence of a See also:series of deaths, the last of which took See also:place in 1561, was a few years later the See also:sole representative of the descendants of Count Otto. John's son was Count See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the See also:Rich (d. 1559), and his See also:grandson was the See also:hero, William the Silent, who inherited the principality of See also:Orange in 1544 and surrendered his prospective inheritance in Nassau to his brother John (d. 16o6). William and his descendants were called princes of Orange-Nassau, and the line became See also:extinct when the See also:English king William III. died in 1702. Meanwhile the descendants of Count John, the rulers of Nassau, were flourishing.
They were divided into several branches, and in 1702 the head of one of these, John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz (d. 1711), whose ancestor had been made a See also:prince of the See also:Empire in 1654, inherited the title of prince of Orange and the lands of the English king in the Netherlands. A few years later in 1743 a number of deaths left John William's son, William, the sole representative of his family, and as such he ruled over the ancestral lands both in Nassau and in the Netherlands. In 18o6, however, these were taken from a succeeding prince, William VI., because he refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine. Some of them were given in 1815 to the other main line of the family, the one descended from Count Walram (see below). In 1815 William VI. became king of the Netherlands as William I., and was compensated for this loss by the See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of parts of See also:Luxemburg and the title of See also:grand-duke. When in 1890 William's male line died out Luxemburg, like Nassau, passed to the descendants of Count Walram. In the See also:female line he is now represented by the See also:queen of the Netherlands.
Adolph of Nassau, a son of Walram, the founder of the See also:elder line 'of the house of Nassau, became German king in 1292, but was defeated and slain by his See also:rival, See also:Albert of See also:Austria, in 1298. The territories of his descendants were partitioned several times, but these branch lines did not usually perpetuate them-selves beyond a few generations, and Walram's See also:share of Nassau was again united in 1605 under See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis II. of Nassau-See also:Weilburg (d. 1626). Soon, however, the family was again divided; three branches were formed, those of Saarbriicken, Idstein and Weil-See also:burg, the heads of the first two becoming princes of the Empire in 1688. Other partitions followed, but at the opening of the 19th century only two lines were flourishing, those of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. In 18o1 See also:Charles William, prince of Nassau-Usingen, was deprived by See also:France of his lands on the left bank of the Rhine, but both he and See also:Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg, who suffered a similar loss, received ample See also:compensation. In 18o6 both Frederick William and Frederick See also:Augustus, the brother and successor of Charles William, joined the Confederation of the Rhine and received from See also:Napoleon the title of duke, but after the See also:battle of See also:Leipzig they threw in their See also:lot with the See also:allies, and in 1815 joined the German See also:Con-federation. As a result of the changes of 1815 Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen ceded some of his newly-acquired lands to See also:Prussia, receiving in return the greater part of the German possessions of the Ottonian branch of the house of Nassau (see above). In See also:March 1816 he died without sons and the whole of Nassau was united under the See also:rule of Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg as duke of Nassau. Already in 1814 Frederick William had granted a constitution to his subjects, which provided for two representative See also:chambers, and under his son William, who succeeded in 1816, the first landtag met in 1818. At once, however, it came into collision with the duke about the ducal domains, and these dissensions were not settled until 1836. In this See also:year the duchy took an important step in the development of its material prosperity by joining the German See also:Zollverein. In 1848 Duke Adolph, the son and successor of Duke William, was compelled to yield to the See also:temper of the times and to grant a more liberal constitution to Nassau, but in the following years a series of reactionary See also:measures reduced matters to their formerunsatisfactory See also:condition. The duke adhered stedfastly to his conservative principles, while his See also:people showed their sympathies by electing one liberal landtag after another. In 1866 Adolph espoused the cause of Austria, sent his troops into the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field and asked the landtag for See also:money. This was refused, Adolph was soon a fugitive before the Prussian troops, and on the 3rd of See also:October 1866 Nassau was formally incorporated with the kingdom of Prussia. The deposed duke entered in 1867 into a See also:convention with Prussia by which he retained a few castles and received an See also:indemnity of about 1,500,000 for renouncing his claim to Nassau. In 189o, on the extinction of the See also:collateral line of his house, he became grand-duke of Luxemburg, and he died on the 17th of See also:November 1905.
The town of Nassau (See also:Lat. Nasonga) on the right bank of the Lahn, 15 M. above See also:Coblenz, is interesting as the birthplace of the Prussian statesman, Freiherr von See also:Stein. Pop. (1905) 2238. It has a Roman Catholic and an Evangelical See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, while its main See also:industries are See also:brewing and See also:mining. Near the town are the ruins of the castle of Stein, first mentioned in 1138, with a See also:marble statue of Stein, while the ruins of the ancestral castle of the house of Nassau may also be seen.
For the history of Nassau see Hennes, Geschichte der Grafen von Nassau bis 1255 (See also:Cologne, 1843) ; von Schutz, Geschichte See also:des See also:Herzog-turns Nassau (Wiesbaden, 1853) ; von Witzleben, Genealogie and Geschichte der Furstenhauses Nassau (See also:Stuttgart, 1855) ; F. W. T. Schliephake and K. See also:Menzel, Geschichte von Nassau (Wiesbaden, 1865—1889) ; the Codex diplomaticus nassoicus, edited by K. Menzel and W. Sauer (1885—188;); and the Annalen des Vereins fiir nassauische Altertumskunde and Geschichtsforschung (1827 fol.).
End of Article: NASSAU
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