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See also:JOHN, See also:DON (1629–1679) , of See also:Austria, the younger, recognized as the natural son of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip IV., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Spain, his See also:mother, Maria See also:Calderon, or Calderona, being an actress. See also:Scandal accused her of a prodigality of favours which must have rendered the paternity of Don John very dubious, He was, however, recognized by the king, received a princely See also:education at Ocana, and was amply endowed with commanderies in the military orders, and other forms of income. Don John was sent in 1647 to See also:Naples—then in the throes of the popular rising first led by See also:Masaniello—with a See also:squadron and a military force, to support the See also:viceroy. The restoration of royal authority was due rather to the exhaustion of the insurgents and the follies of their See also:French See also:leader, the See also:duke of See also:Guise, than to the forces of Don John. He was next sent as viceroy to See also:Sicily, whence he was recalled in 165r to See also:complete the pacification of See also:Catalonia, which had been in revolt since 164o. The excesses of the French, whom the Catalans had called in, had produced a reaction, and Don John had not much more to do than to preside over the final See also:siege of See also:Barcelona and the See also:convention which terminated the revolt in See also:October 1652.
On both occasions he had played the peacemaker, and this sympathetic See also:part, combined with his own pleasant See also:manners and handsome See also:person with See also:bright eyes and abundant See also:raven-See also:black See also:hair—a complete contrast to the See also:fair complexions of the Habsburgs—made him a popular favourite. In 1656 he was sent to command in See also:Flanders, in See also:combination with the See also:prince of See also:Conde, then in revolt against his own See also:sovereign. At the storming of the French See also:camp at See also:Valenciennes in 1656, Don John displayed brilliant See also:personal courage at the See also:head' of a See also:cavalry See also:charge. When, however, he took a part in the leadership of the See also:army at the See also:Dunes in the See also:battle fought against See also:Turenne and the See also:British forces sent over by See also:Cromwell in 1658, he was completely beaten, in spite of the efforts of Conde, whose See also:advice he neglected, and of the hard fighting of See also:English Royalist exiles. During 1661 and 1662 he commanded against the Portuguese in See also:Estremadura. The See also:Spanish troops were See also:ill-appointed, irregularly paid and untrustworthy, but they were See also:superior in See also:numbers and some successes were gained. If Don John had not suffered from the indolence which See also:Clarendon, who knew him, considered his See also:chief defect, the Portuguese would have been hard pressed. The greater part of the See also:south of See also:Portugal was overrun, but in 1663 the Portuguese were reinforced by a See also:body of English troops, and were put under the command of the Huguenot See also:Schomberg. By him Don John was completely beaten at Estremos. Even now he might not have lost the confidence of his See also:father, if See also:Queen See also:Mariana, mother of the sickly See also:infante See also:Carlos, the only surviving legitimate son of the king, had not regarded the See also:bastard with distrust and dislike. Don John was removed from command and sent to his See also:commandery at Consuegra. After the See also:death of Philip IV. in 1665 Don John became the recognized leader of the opposition to the See also:government of Philip's widow, the queen See also:regent. She and her favourite, the See also:German Jesuit See also:Nithard, seized and put to death one of his most trusted servants, Don Jose Malladas. Don John, in return, put himself at the head of a rising of See also:Aragon and Catalonia, which led to the See also:expulsion of Nithard on the 25th of See also:February 1669. Don John was, however, forced to content himself with the viceroyalty of Aragon. In 1677, the queen mother having aroused universal opposition by her shameless favour for Fernando de See also:Valenzuela, Don John was able to drive her from See also:court, and establish himself as See also:prime See also:minister. See also:Great hopes were entertained of his See also:administration, but it proved disappointing and See also:short. Don John died on the 17th of See also:September 1679.
The career of Don John can be followed in J. C. See also:Dunlop's See also:Memoirs of Spain 1621–1700 (Edin. 1834).
End of Article: JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
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