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VALENCIENNES , a See also:town of See also:northern See also:France in the See also:department of See also:Nord on the See also:Scheldt, at its confluence with the RhOnelle, 30 M. S.E. of See also:Lille by See also:rail. Pop. (Igoe), town, 25,977; See also:commune, 31,759. The Scheldt here divides into two branches, one of which flows through the town, while the other, canalized and forming a See also:port, skirts it on the See also:west. Of the fortifications, dismantled in 1892, and replaced by boulevards, the Tour de la Dodenne (13th and 15th centuries) and the citadel (17th See also:century) are the See also:chief remains. Valenciennes is the centre of a See also:rich See also:coal-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, to which See also:Anzin (q.v.), an See also:industrial town a little over a mile to the See also:north-west, has given its name. To this fact is due the existence of the important foundries, forges, See also:rolling-See also:mills, See also:wire-See also:works and See also:machine shops which See also:line the See also:bank of the Scheldt. There is also an extensive beetroot cultivation, with attendant See also:sugar-works and distilleries, and See also:glass, See also:starch, chemicals and See also:soap are produced. See also:Hosiery, trimmings and handkerchiefs are manufactured and See also:cotton See also:weaving and See also:printing are carried on, though little of the famous See also:lace is now made. Other See also:industries are See also:brewing and malting. There are a sub-prefecture, courts-of first instance and of See also:commerce, a chamber of commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade See also:arbitration, and a See also:branch of the Bank of France, a lycee, a school of See also:music and a school of See also:fine See also:art (founded in 1782). The town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall is a fine See also:building of the See also:early 17th century, but its See also:facade was rebuilt in 1867 and 1868. The museum contains galleries of See also:painting and See also:sculpture, with works by See also:Antoine, See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis and See also:Francois See also:Watteau, See also:Carpeaux, all of whom were natives of the town, and by See also:Rubens and other Flemish artists. Opposite the museum there is a See also:monument commemorating the See also:defence of the town in 1793. The See also:principal See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church is that of Notre-See also:Dame du See also:Cordon, a fine See also:modern building in the See also:Gothic See also:style surmounted by a See also:tower 272 ft. in height. The church of St Gery preserves a few pillars dating from the 13th century. Near it stands the statue of Antoine Watteau, and there is also a statue of See also:Jean See also:Froissart, See also:born at Valenciennes.
Valenciennes is said to owe its name and See also:foundation to one of the three See also:Roman emperors named Valentinian. In the See also:middle ages it was the seat of a countship which in the r 1th century was See also:united to that of See also:Hainaut. In the 16th century Valenciennes
care be taken to exclude moisture. In objecting to the use of such compounds, however, See also:Kekule took the further important step of dividing compounds into two classes—that of atomic compounds, such as See also:ammonia and See also:hydrogen chloride, in which the components are held together by atomic See also:affinities; and that of molecular compounds, such as ammonium chloride, containing atomic compounds held together by molecular affinities: but Kekule never gave any very clear explanation of the difference. Notwithstanding Brereton See also:Baker's observations, the question remains with us to-See also:day, the only difference being that we have substituted the more precise See also:term "residual See also:affinity" for Kekule's term " molecular affinity."
Hydrogen is the one See also:element which at See also:present can be affirmed to be of unvarying See also:valency: as no See also:compound of determinable molecular See also:weight is known in which a single See also:atom of this element can be supposed to be present in the See also:molecule in association with more than a single atom of another element, the hydrogen atom may be regarded as a consistent univalent or See also:monad radicle. As the element of unit valency, hydrogen is, therefore, the one See also:fit atomic measure to be used in ascertaining valency; unfortunately, it cannot always be applied, as so few elements See also:form volatile hydrides. See also:Hydrocarbon radicles such as methyl, See also:CH3, however, are so entirely comparable with the hydrogen radicle that they form equally efficient See also:standards; as many elements form volatile methides, some assistance may be obtained by the use of such radicles. But in all other cases the difficulty becomes very See also:great; indeed, it is doubtful if a trustworthy See also:standard can then be found—we are still forced, in fact, to recognize the See also:wisdom of Kekule's contentions. The greatest difficulty of all that we have to meet is due to the fact that valency is a dependent variable in the See also:case of many if not of most elements, the degree in which it is See also:manifest depending on the reciprocal affinities of the associating elements, as well
became the stronghold of Protestantism in Hainaut, but was conquered by the Spaniards, who committed all sorts of excesses. In 1656 the Spaniards under See also:Conde made a successful defence against the See also:French under See also:Turenne; but in 1617 Louis XIV. took the town after an eight days' See also:siege, and See also:Vauban constructed the citadel. Valenciennes, which then became the See also:capital of Hainaut, has since always belonged to France. In 1793, after See also:forty-three days' See also:bombardment, the See also:garrison, reduced to 3000 men, surrendered to the allied forces numbering some 140,000 or 150,000 men, with 400 See also:cannon. In 1815 it defended itself successfully.
End of Article: VALENCIENNES
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