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HYDROCARBON

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 112 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HYDROCARBON , in See also:

chemistry, a See also:compound of See also:carbon and See also:hydrogen. Many occur in nature in the See also:free See also:state: for example, natural See also:gas, See also:petroleum and See also:paraffin are entirely composed of such bodies; other natural See also:sources are See also:india-See also:rubber, See also:turpentine and certain essential See also:oils. They are also revealed by the spectroscope in stars, comets and the See also:sun. Of artificial productions the most fruitful and important is provided by the destructive or dry See also:distillation of many organic substances; See also:familiar examples are the distillation of See also:coal, which yield's See also:ordinary See also:lighting gas, composed of gaseous See also:hydrocarbons,'and also coal tat, which, on subsenuent fractional distillations, yields many `liquid and C,H5N2Cl + K2SO, = KCI + C,H,N2•SO3K, C6H5N•>•SO3K + 2H = C,H,•NH•NH•SO3K,C5H,N H • NH • SOsK+HCI + See also:H2O = See also:C6H,• NH • N H2' FICI + KHSO1. Phenylhydrazine is a colourless oily liquid which`rturtis See also:brown on exposure. It boils at 241 ° C., and melts at 17.5° C. It is slightly soluble in See also:water, and is strongly basic, forming well-defined salts with r u acids. uch for For ethe detection of xample as See also:aldehydes and See also:ketones) hc d az See also:lie orbital plates of the frontal See also:bone being inclined forwards give a ~ very important reagent, since See also:des it combines? with enthlhem with a downward' tilt to the eyes, which have also See also:peculiar See also:rolling elimination of water and the formation of well-defined hydrazones movements. The See also:face is small, and this, with the enlarged See also:head, gives 'a remarkable aged expression to the See also:child. The See also:body is See also:ill-noilrished,, the bones are thin, the See also:hair is scanty and See also:fine and the See also:teeth" carious or absent. The See also:average circumference of the adult head'is 22 in., and in the normal child it is of course much less. In chronic hydrocephalus the had of an See also:infant three months old has measured 29 in.; and in the See also:case of the See also:man See also:Cardinal, who died` in See also:Guy's See also:Hospital;' the head 'Measured 33 in.

In such cases the head cannbt be' supported by the See also:

neck, and the patient has to keep mostly in the recumbent posture. The expansibility of the See also:skull prevents destructive pressure on the See also:brain, yet this See also:organ is materially affected by the presence of the fluid. The cerebral ventricles are distended, and the convolutions are flattened. Occasionally the fluid escapes into the cavity of the cranium, which it fills, pressing down the brain to the See also:base of the skull. - As i. consequence, the functions of the brain are interfered with, and the See also:mental See also:condition is impaired. The child is dull, listless and irritable, and sometimes See also:imbecile. The See also:special senses become affected as the disease advances; sight is often lost, as is also See also:hearing. Hydrocephalic See also:children generally sink in a few years; nevertheless there have been instances of persons with this disease living to old See also:age. There are, of course, grades of the See also:affection; and children may See also:present many of the symptoms of it in "a slight degree, and yet recover, the head ceasing to expand, and 'becoming in due coirtse'firmly ossified. Various methods of treatment have been employed, but the results are unsatisfactory. See also:Compression of the head by bandages, and the See also:administration of See also:mercury with the view of promoting absorption of the fluid, are now little resorted to. Tapping the fluid from See also:time to time through one of the spaces between the bones, See also:drawing off a little, and thereafter employing See also:gentle pressure, has been tried, but rarely with benefit.

Attempts have also been made to establish a permanent drainage between the interior of the lateral ventricle and the sub-dural space, itnd between the lumbar region of the spine and the See also:

abdomen, but without satisfactory results. On the whole, the See also:plan of treatment which aims at maintaining the patient's See also:nutrition by appropriate See also:food and tonics is the most rational and successful. (E.

End of Article: HYDROCARBON

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