See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Patients coming to them paid contributions to the priests. The most famous temples in See also:

• GREECE

In See also:

• CHINA

At Alexandria an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

After the period already reached, the 13th century, hospitals became See also:

• COMMON

The foregoing statement is based upon the history of British hospitals of importance throughout the country, but the same remark will apply in practice to hospital buildings almost everywhere throughout the world. In truth, hospitals have been more developed and improved in See also:

• GREAT

In the United States of See also:

• AMERICA

At a great voluntary hospital, not only do hundreds of medical students and nurses work in the wards, but thousands of people, in the persons of the patients' See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Unfortunately a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

No doubt the whole community would benefit if residents in every part of the country could be moved to take a See also:

• PERSONAL

General Hospitals.—These establishments consist of two kinds, (a) clinical and (b) non-clinical, each of which, under the modern system, should include every department of medicine and See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

As matters stand, however, the special hospital has had to be accepted, and nothing which King Edward's Hospital Fund has done in London has met with greater popularity and professional approval than the labours which its See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Many of them are very efficient both in regard to equipment and treatment. They have become essential to the well-being and adequate medical care of rural populations, as they attract to the country some of the best members of the profession, who are able, with the aid of the cottage hospital, to keep themselves efficient and up-to-date, so that all classes of the community are benefited in this way by this type of hospital. See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

Several of the existing ophthalmic hospitals have entailed an enormous See also:

• EXPENDITURE

The medical See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

Thinking out the problem here presented in all its bearings, realizing the great and ever-increasing cost of sites for hospitals in great cities, the heavy consequential taxes and charges which they have to meet there, and all the attendant disadvantages and drawbacks, the present writer has ventured upon an anticipation which he hopes may prove intelligent and well-founded. Nearly every difficulty in regard to the cost of hospitals and in respect to all the many problems presented by securing The See also:

• EVOLUTION

On the continent of See also:

• EUROPE

To meet the urgent and See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

The Problem of Hospital Administration.—A study of the hospital problem in various countries, and especially in different portions of the English-speaking world, convinces the writer that, apart from local See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

The system, or want of system, whereby medical relief is granted to practically all applicants by the voluntary hospitals grew up without any combined attempt to organize it efficiently or to check abuses. Such a system rests upon a wrong basis, and the best interests of every class of the population demand its abolition in favour of one which shall afford the maximum of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

In the casualty department every applicant should be seen once, and be there disposed of by being handed on to the consultation department; if his case was sufficiently important, he should then be transferred to some provident or poor-law dispensary, or be referred to a private medical attendant. It would no doubt take time to overcome the incidental difficulties which would necessarily arise in effecting so radical a reform as is here contemplated, but if all voluntary hospitals adopted the same system, and were to be brought into active co-operation with provident dispensaries and poor-law dispensaries and private medical practitioners, the new system might be successfully introduced and made effective within twelve months, and probably within six months, from the date of its commencement. This opinion is based upon the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

We should regard the establishment of a complete state-provided or rate-provided system of gratuitous medical relief, either for in-See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

In any case ample ground must be See also:

• PURCHASED

Even when arranged in single lines or crosses they are not desirable, as the wards either communicate with each other or with common passages or corridors, rendering separation impossible. On this point it may be remarked that 'some of the buildings of the 18th century were more wisely constructed than many of those in the first See also:

• HALF

By this means free circulation of air and plenty of light are secured, whilst separation or isolation may be at once accomplished if required. Foundations, Building Materials, &c.—It is of the first consequence that a hospital should be dry; therefore the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

Shape and Arrangement of Wards.—It is now generally agreed that wards should have windows on at least two opposite sides. Three main shapes have been proposed: (a) long wards with windows down each side, and (generally) one at the farther end with balcony; 26 ft. is a good width for a ward of twelve or fourteen beds, but for larger wards of more than fourteen beds the width should be not less than 28 ft.; (b) wards nearly square, with windows on three sides; and (c) circular wards with windows all round. The first (a) is the form usually adopted in pavilions; (b) is recommended by Dr C. F. Folsom (Plans for the Johns See also:

• HOPKINS, EDWARD WASHBURN (1857— )
• HOPKINS, ESEK (1718-18oz)
• HOPKINS, MARK (1802—1887)
• HOPKINS, SAMUEL (1721–1803)
• HOPKINS, WILLIAM (1793–1866)

The wards of the See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Authorities nowadays, however, See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

For all practical purposes 60° to 63° F. is quite sufficient, and surgical and lying-in cases do well in lower temperatures. Various plans of warming have been recommended, but probably a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

The soil pipes should be ventilated, and placed outside the walls, protected as may be necessary from See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

In the same year a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

In all well-conducted hospitals it is, now arranged that the nurses on night duty have a hot See also:

• MEAL

This may be a wooden hut, or in some cases even' a See also:

• TENT

It is not sufficient to utilize any available rooms, say, in the basement of the building, where patients may be casually interviewed by a house surgeon or physician. This department should be as carefully designed and equipped as any other department of the hospital. Within recent years much more attention has been devoted to the details of construction than was formerly considered necessary, but even in the best type of hospital there is still much to be desired in this respect. It is essential for an architect in designing any building to have before him an accurate idea of all the requirements, and the use to which each See also:

• FOOT

The vestibule should lead into a large waiting-hall with an inquiry office at its entrance, provided with a See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

Although glazed tiles are open to the criticism that they have numerous See also:

• JOINTS

As an aid to a complete understanding of the varied work which has to be provided for, and the most effective method of carrying it out, the accompanying plans are given of an admission block de-signed to embody the main principles which govern the construction of such a department. All accidents and patients seeking admission to this hospital enter through the central gate-way, and on the See also:

• LEFT

This is a new and essential feature in the admission block unit of all hospitals in large cities, for it should secure that no patient is kept waiting for many minutes before being seen. One of the blots on the management of many hospitals is that regrettable delays often take place, and much dissatisfaction and avoidable suffering may arise from this difficulty in the ad-ministration of a general hospital. We have given this plan of a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)