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See also:ADVENT (See also:Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ") , a See also:holy See also:season of the See also:Christian See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, the See also:period of preparation for the celebration of the nativity or See also:Christmas. In the Eastern church it lasts from St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin's See also:Day (rrth of See also:November), and in other churches from the See also:Sunday nearest to St See also:Andrew's Day (3oth of November) till Christmas. It is uncertain at what date the season, began to be observed. A See also:canon of a See also:council at See also:Saragossa in 380, forbidding the faithful to be absent from church during the three See also:weeks from the 17th of See also:December to the See also:Epiphany, is thought to be an See also:early reference to Advent. The first authoritative mention of it is in the See also:Synod of See also:Lerida (524), and since the 6th See also:century it has been recognized as the beginning of the ecclesiastical See also:year. With the view of directing the thoughts of Christians to the first coming of See also:Christ as Saviour, and to his second coming as See also:Judge, See also:special lessons are prescribed for the four Sundays in Advent. From the 6th century the season was kept as a period of See also:fasting as strict as that of See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
Lent; but in the See also:Anglican and Lutheran churches the See also:rule is now relaxed. In the See also:Roman See also:Catholic church Advent is still kept as a season of penitence. Dancing and festivities are forbidden, fasting enjoined and See also:purple See also:vestments are worn in the church services.
In many countries Advent was See also:long marked by diverse popular observances, some of which even still survive.
Thus in See also:England, especially the See also:northern counties, there was a See also:custom (now See also:extinct) for poor See also:women to carry See also:round the " Advent images," two dolls dressed one to represent Christ and the other the Virgin See also:Mary. A See also:halfpenny was expected from every one to whom these were exhibited, and See also:bad See also:luck was thought to menace the See also:household not visited by the See also:doll-bearers before Christmas See also:Eve at the latest.
In See also:Normandy the farmers still employ See also:children under twelveto run through the See also:fields and orchards armed with torches, setting See also:fire to bundles of See also:straw, and thus it is believed See also:driving out such See also:vermin as are likely to damage the crops. In See also:Italy among other Advent celebrations is the entry into See also:Rome in the last days of Advent of the Calabrian pifferari or bagpipe players, who See also:play before the shrines of the Holy See also:Mother. The See also:Italian tradition is that the shepherds played on these pipes when they came to the manger at See also:Bethlehem to do See also:homage to the Saviour.
End of Article: ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")
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