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See also: HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL . In all the See also:medieval monarchies of western See also:Europe the See also:general See also:system of See also:government sprang from, and centred in, the royal household. The See also:sovereign's domestics were his See also:officers of See also:state, and the leading dignitaries of the See also:palace were the See also:principal administrators of the See also:kingdom. The royal household itself had, in its turn, grown out of an earlier and more See also:primitive institution. It took its rise in the comitatus described by See also:Tacitus, the chosen See also:band of comites or companions who, when the See also:Roman historian wrote, constituted the See also:personal following, in See also:peace as well as in See also:war, of the See also:Teutonic chieftain. In
See also:England before the See also:Conquest the comitatus had See also:developed or degenerated into the thegnhood, and among the most eminent and powerful of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's thegns were his dishthegn, his bowerthegn, and his horsethegn or staller. In See also:Normandy at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the Conquest a similar arrangement, imitated from the See also:French See also:court, had See also:long been established, and the See also:Norman See also:dukes, like their overlords the See also:kings of See also:France, had their See also:seneschal or steward, their See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
chamberlain and their See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable. After the Conquest the ducal household of Normandy was reproduced in the royal household of England; and since, in obedience to the spirit of See also:feudalism, the See also:great offices of the first had been made hereditary, the great offices of the second were made hereditary also, and were thenceforth held by the grantees and their descendants as See also:grand-serjeanties of the See also:crown. The See also:con-sequence was that they passed out of immediate relation to the See also:practical conduct of affairs either in both state and court or in the one or the other of them. The steward and chamberlain of England were superseded in their See also:political functions by the See also:justiciar and treasurer of England, and in their domestic functions by the steward and chamberlain of the household. The See also:marshal, of England took the See also:place of the constable of England in the royal palace, and was associated with him in the command of the royal armies. In due course, however, the marshalship as well as the constableship became hereditary, and, although the constable and marshal of England retained their military authority until a comparatively See also:late See also:period, the duties they had successively performed about the palace had been long before transferred to the See also:master of the See also:horse. In these circumstances the holders of the See also: original great offices of state and the household ceased to attend the court except on occasions of extraordinary ceremony, and their representatives either by See also:inheritance or by See also:special See also:appointment have ever since continued to appear at coronations and some other public solemnities, such as the opening of the See also:parliament or trials by the See also:House of Lords.'
The materials available for a See also:history of the See also:English royal household are somewhat scanty and obscure. The earliest See also:record See also:relating to it is of the reign of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. and is contained in the See also:Black See also:Book of the See also:Exchequer. It enumerates the various inmates of the king's palace and the daily allowances made to them at the period at which it was compiled. Hence it affords valuable See also:evidence of the antiquity and relative importance of the court offices to which it refers, notwithstanding that it is silent as to the functions and formal subordination of the persons who filled them.2 In addition to this record we have a See also:series of far later, but for the most See also:part equally meagre, documents bearing more or less directly on the constitution of the royal household, and extending, with long intervals, from the reign of See also:Edward III. to the reign of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William and See also:Mary.3 Among them, however, are what are known as the Black Book of the Household and the Statutes of Eltham, the first compiled in the reign of Edward IV. and the second in the reign of Henry VIII., from which a See also:good See also:deal of detailed See also:information may be gathered concerning the arrangements of the court in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Statutes of Eliham were meant for the practical guidance merely of those who were responsible for the good See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and the sufficient See also:supply of the sovereign's household at the time they were issued.
' The great officers of state and the household whom we have particularly mentioned do not of course exhaust the See also:catalogue of them. We have named those only whose representatives are still dignitaries of the court and functionaries of the palace. If the reader consults See also:Hallam (See also:Middle Ages, i. 181 seq.), See also:Freeman (Norman Conquest, i. 91 seq., and v. 426 seq.) and See also:Stubbs (Const. Hist. i. 343, seq.), he will be able himself to fill in the details of the outline We have given above.
2 The record in question is entitled Constitutio Domus Regis de Procurationibus, and is printed by See also: Hearne (See also:Libel. See also:Niger Scaccarii, i. 341 sq.). It is analysed by Stubbs (Const. Hist. vol. i. See also:note 2,
P. 345)-
2 A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of
the Royal Household, made in See also:Divers Reigns from King Edward III. to King William and See also:Queen Mary, printed for the Society of Antiquaries, (See also:London, 179o). See also Pegge's Curialia, published partly before and partly after this See also:volume; and See also:Carlisle's Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, published in 1829. Pegge and Carlisle, however, deal with small and insignificant portions of the royal See also:establishment.
But the Black Book of the Household, besides being a sort of See also:treatise on princely magnificence generally, professes to be based on the regulations established for the governance of the court by Edward III., who, it affirms, was " the first setter of certeynties among his domesticall meyne, upon a grounded See also:rule " and whose palace it describes as " the house of very policie and flowre of England "; and it may therefore possibly, and even probably, take us back to a period much more remote than that at which it was actually put together.' Various orders, returns and accounts of the reigns of See also:Elizabeth, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I., See also:Charles I., Charles II., and William and Mary throw considerable See also:light on the organization of particular sections of the royal household in times nearer to our own.2 Moreover, there were several See also:parliamentary inquiries into the expenses of the royal household in connexion with the See also:settlement or reform of the See also:civil See also:list during the reigns of See also:George III., George IV. and William IV.3 But they add little or nothing to our knowledge of the subject in what was then its See also:historical as distinguished from its contemporary aspects. So much, indeed, is this the See also:case that, on the See also:accession , of Queen See also:Victoria, See also:Chamberlayne's See also:Present State of England, which contains a catalogue of the officials at the court of Queen See also:Anne, was described by See also:Lord See also:Melbourne the See also:prime See also:minister as the " only authority " which the advisers of the crown could find for their assistance in determining the appropriate constitution and dimensions of the domestic establishment of a queen regnant.4
In its See also:main outlines the existing organization of the royal household is essentially the same as it was under the Tudors or the Plantagenets. It is now, as it was then, divided into three principal departments, at the See also:head of which are severally the lord steward, the lord chamberlain and the master of the horse, and the respective provinces of which may be generally described as " below stairs," " above stairs " and " out of doors." The duties of these officials, and the various officers under their See also:charge are dealt with in the articles under those headings.
When the reigning sovereign is a queen, the royal household is in some other respects rather differently arranged from that of a king and a queen See also: consort. When there is a king and a queen consort there is a See also:separate establishment " above stairs " and " out of doors " for the queen consort. She has a lord chamberlain's See also:department of her own, and all the ladies of the court from the See also:mistress of the See also:robes to the maids of See also:honour are in her service. At the commencement of the reign of Queen Victoria the two establishments were combined, and on the whole considerably reduced. On the accession of Edward VII. the civil list was again reconstituted; and while the household of the king and his consort became larger than during the previous reign, there was a tendency towards increased efficiency by abolishing certain offices which were either redundant or unnecessary.
The royal households of such of the See also:continental monarchies of Europe as have had a continuous history from medieval times resemble in general outlines that described above. There are,
' See also:Liber niger domus Regis Edward IV. and Ordinances for the Household made at Eltham in the seventeenth See also:year of King Henry VIII., A.D. 1526, are the titles of these two documents. The earlier documents printed in the same collection are Household of King Edward III. in Peace and War from the eighteenth to the twenty-first year of his reign; Ordinances of the Household of King Henry IV. in the See also:thirty-third year of his reign, A.D. 1455, and Articles ordained by King Henry VII. for the Regulation of his Household, A.D. 1494.
2 The Book of the Household of Queen Elizabeth as it was ordained in the See also:forty-third year of her Reign delivered to our Sovereign Lord King James, £ec., is simply a list of officers' names and allowances. It seems to have been See also: drawn up under the curious circumstances referred to in Archaeologia (xii. 8o-85). For the See also:rest of these documents see Ordinances and Regulations, &c., pp. 299, 340, 347, 352, 368 and 380.
' See also:Burke's celebrated See also:Act " for enabling His See also:Majesty to See also:discharge the See also:debt contracted upon the civil list, and for preventing the same from being in arrear for the future, &c.," 22 Geo. III. c. 82, was
passed in 1782. But it was foreshadowed in his great speech on Economical Reform " delivered two years before. Since the beginning of the 19th See also:century select committees of the House of See also:Commons have reported on the civil list and royal household in 1803, 1804, 1815, 1831 and 1901.
4 See also:Torrens's See also:Memoirs of William, second See also:Viscount Melbourne, ii. 303.
See also:common to many, certain great offices, which have become, in course of time, merely titular and sometimes hereditary. In most cases, as the name of the See also: - OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office would suggest, they were held by those who discharged personal functions about the sovereign. Gradually, in ways or for reasons which might vary in each individual case, the office alone survived, the duties either ceasing to be necessary, or being transferred to officers of less exalted station and permanently attached to the sovereign's household. For example, in See also:Prussia, there are certain great titular officers, such as the Oberstmarschall (great chamberlain) ; the Oberstjagermeister (grand master of the See also:hunt) ; the Oberstschenk (grand See also:cup-See also:bearer) and the Obersttruchsess (grand See also:carver), while, at the same time, there are also departments which correspond, to a great extent—both as to offices and their duties—to those of the household of the English sovereigns. This is a feature which must necessarily be reproduced in any monarchical See also:country, whatever the date of its See also:foundation, to a more or less limited extent, and varying in its constitution with the needs or customs of the particular countries.
See also LORD STEWARD; LORD CHAMBERLAIN; MASTER OF THE HORSE; PRIVY See also:PURSE; and CIVIL LIST.
End of Article: HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL
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